http://www.esafety.cn/blog/wll/66030/index.html

警惕砷化物中毒的“三高”特征

作者[孙锡云] 发表于[2011-10-18 10:37:00]

漏诊率、误诊率、死亡率均较高——

警惕砷化物中毒的三高特征

不久前,商洛市商州区一家企业的11名员工被确诊为砷化物中毒,这是一家从工业废渣中提取有色金属的企业。

事故发生时,该厂浸出车间的第一组工人伴随着皮肤变黑,相继出现头晕、恶心、尿血等症状,但却没有引起厂方警觉。第二组工人继续上料,结果,部分工人也出现了类似现象。

砷化物中毒,具有漏诊率、误诊率、死亡率均较高的三高特征。那么,砷化物中毒究竟是怎么回事儿,又该如何预防与治疗呢?

哪里来的砷化物?

砷化物一般都是以砷化氢气体的形式,由呼吸道吸入人体的。砷化氢是一种无色、有蒜味的极毒气体,微溶于水,不稳定,是强还原剂。

容易发生职业危害的砷化氢气体,往往是生产过程中的副反应产物或环境中自然形成的污染物。只要有砷和新生态氢同时存在,就能产生砷化氢。

在工业生产中,夹杂砷的金属与酸发生作用,含砷矿石在储存过程中接触潮湿空气,用水浇含砷矿石的热炉渣等,均可形成砷化氢。

因此,凡是可能产生砷化氢的生产流程,均须加强职业健康管理。比如,防止含砷矿渣接触水或潮湿的空气,遇到矿渣潮湿冒烟应紧急撤离在场人员等。同时,应做好安全生产和防毒知识教育,要求员工严格遵守各种操作规程,针对本企业可能产生砷化氢的情况,制定具有针对性的预防措施,并严格执行。

中毒症状有哪些?

砷化氢是强烈的溶血性毒物,其引起的溶血机理尚不十分清楚,一般认为血液中砷化氢与血红蛋白结合,形成砷血红蛋白复合物,使中毒者出现急性溶血症状和黄疸。同时,砷血红蛋白复合物可堵塞肾小管,造成急性肾功能衰竭。此外,砷化氢对心、肝、肺等也有直接的毒害作用。

砷化氢中毒程度与吸入砷化氢的浓度密切相关,潜伏期愈短则临床表现也愈严重。 

轻度中毒有头晕、头痛、乏力、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、关节及腰部酸痛、皮肤及巩膜轻度黄疸等症状。尿样可能呈酱油色,可能伴有肝脏损害。 

重度中毒发病急剧,有寒颤、高热、昏迷、谵妄、抽搐、绀紫、巩膜及全身重度黄疸等症状,少尿或无尿。同时,尿样呈深酱色,出现急性肾功能衰竭,并伴有肝脏损害。

如何确诊并治疗?

根据职业接触史与现场调查,典型砷化氢中毒病例诊断并不困难。早期症状须与急性胃肠炎和急性感染区别。发生溶血后,须与其他原因引起的溶血区别。早期检查尿常规、尿胆原、黄疸指数以及网织红细胞等,有助于确诊。

发生砷化氢中毒事故时,所有接触者均应迅速脱离现场。脱离接触后,患者应保持安静,并进行给氧治疗,同时,采取一些保护肝、肾的治疗措施。重度中毒者,尤其是肾功能损害明显者,需要及早采用透析疗法。同时,根据溶血程度和速度,必要时可采用换血疗法。

人脱离接触后,砷化氢部分以原形从呼气中排出。如肾功能未受损,砷血红蛋白复合物及砷的氧化物可自尿排出。
  • 圈子:注安之家 
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    原创

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    原创

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    原创

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    Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章

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