近年来,尘肺病、职业中毒等职业病发病率居高不下,群发性职业病事件时有发生。关注职业病维权,保护农民工健康权益,已是各级政府亟待解决的重大公共卫生问题。然而,农民工职业病维权却困难重重,缺乏完善的制度设计,维权成本高,身患职业病的农民工亟须一把制度上的“保护伞”。
【分析】
民进中央在提案中认为,农民工职业病维权存在搜集证据难、鉴定诊断难、监督管理难、医疗保障难、索赔起诉难等五大障碍。
按照相关规定,搜集证据通常都需要用人单位的协助方可获,但农民工劳动合同签订率普遍较低,证明劳动关系成难点。职业病诊断整个过程手续繁琐、复杂,职业病诊断鉴定机构往往同属相同的管理系统,在制度设计上难以保证农民工获得公平的鉴定结果。在职业病监督过程中,面临着职业病防治人员不足,职业病监测设备落后,专业技术力量薄弱的情况。而且职业病防治工作涉及多个部门,部门之间缺乏有效的沟通协调机制。
至2008年底,全国农民工参加工伤社会保险的人数仅占总数的22%。同时现行工伤保险的赔付标准较低,农民工参加医疗保险门槛较高。农民工患上职业病后,一般无力承担巨额的医疗费用。从职业病鉴定诊断,到工伤认定,再到损害赔偿一般需要花费三年甚至更多的时间,维权成本过高。
【建议】
民进中央建议,应着力健全六大制度体系:一是规范职业病防治监管体系,各地应强化政府监管职能,逐步建立起覆盖城乡的职业病防治监管网络;二是完善职业病法律援助体系,完善职业病诊断与鉴定管理办法,提高职业病诊断鉴定的公信力;三是建立职业病预警监控体系,逐步实现职业病防治信息跨区域、跨部门、跨时间共享,数据资源互联互通;四是强化职业病宣传培训体系,对政府部门、用人单位、企业员工、执法人员实施分层分类培训;五是构筑职业病技术保障体系,保证有职业病发生可能的各个县(区)至少有1家以上具有职业健康检查能力的医疗机构;六是加强职业病医疗救助体系,着力探索建立工伤保险制度,确保农民工依法享受工伤保险待遇。(谢靓 王慧峰)
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