苯; Benzene; CAS:71-43-2
理化性质
无色透明,易燃液体。分子式C6-H6。分子量78.11。相对密度0.8794(
侵入途径
蒸气可经呼吸道吸收,液体经消化道吸收完全。皮肤可吸收少量。
临床表现
急性中毒:短时间内吸入大量苯蒸气或口服多量液态苯后出现兴奋或酒醉感, 伴有粘膜刺激症状,可有头晕、头痛、恶心、呕吐、步态不稳。重症者可有昏迷、抽搐、呼吸及循环衰竭。尿酚和血苯可增高。亚急性中毒: 短期内吸入较高浓度后可出现头晕、头痛、乏力、失眠等症状。约经1~2个月后可发生再生障碍性贫血。如及早发现, 经脱离接触,适当处理,一般预后较原发性再障为好。
应急处理
(1)对轻症患者,要迅速将其移至空气新鲜的地方,脱去被污染衣服,松开所有的衣服及颈、胸部纽扣。腰带,使其静卧,口鼻如有污垢物,要立即清除,以保证肺通气正常,呼吸通畅。并且要注意身体的保暖。轻度患者经上述救治后。一般可恢复。此外,尚应妥善处理现场。
(2)对中毒程度较重患者,要密切观察其神志、瞳孑L、呼吸、脉搏、血压等有无变化,如有烦躁不安,但意识尚清,可肌肉注射异丙嗪12.5~25mg。因哌替啶对呼吸中枢有抑制作用,应用时要慎重。
(3)患者如有明显的烦躁或抽搐不止时,可用苯巴比妥或副醛作肌肉注射,也可予10%的水合氯醛10~20m1或副醛进行肛内灌注。还可针刺风池、神门等穴。
已经确诊为慢性苯中毒的患者,无论程度如何,都要调离原工作岗位,进行必要的治疗。治疗原则除支持治疗、对症治疗、预防感染以外,主要采用中西医结合疗法,疗效较好。对神经衰弱征候群经一般对症处理,可逐渐恢复。治疗主要采用生白细胞药物。
选用苯中毒治疗药物时,要根据病情进行协调。但不宜过多,每次以2~3种为宜,不见效时再行换药,应用激素要慎重
预防措施
①用无毒或低毒物质代替苯。
②改革工艺,减少接触,如采用电喷漆。
③加强通风排毒和个人防护,定期侧定苯的浓度。
④经常对生产设备进行维护和检修,防止跑、冒、滴、漏。
⑤急需进人检修时需使用正压式空气呼吸器,并应有人在现场监护。
⑥进人可能存在苯的场所,必须遵守操作规程,佩戴防毒面具。
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