夏天气温升高,人们大量饮水,胃酸浓度被冲稀,人体第一道天然屏障遭受破坏,细菌进入肠道,由于胆汁偏碱,杀菌力较弱。同时,细菌生长繁殖能力比较旺盛,食物易腐坏变质。人们饮食稍不注意,就会引发食物中毒症状。食物中毒如果处理不当,轻者会腹泻、腹痛、浑身无力,重者会由于呕吐造成休克,甚至死亡。那么夏季食物中毒怎么办?我们应该采取什么措施预防治疗?
如何判断是否食物中毒
判断食物中毒主要有四条标准:短时间内大量出现相同症状的病人;有共同的进食史;不吃这种食物不发病;停止供应该种食物后中毒症状不再出现。食物中毒一般在用餐后4~10小时发病,高峰期出现在用餐后6小时左右。食物中毒后的第一反应往往是腹部不适,中毒者首先会感觉到腹胀,一些患者还会腹痛,个别的还会发生急性腹泻。与腹部不适伴发的还有恶心,随后会发生呕吐的情况。食物中毒一般可分为细菌性(如大肠杆菌)、化学性(如农药)、动植物性(如河豚、扁豆、豆角)和真菌性(如毒蘑菇)食物中毒。食物中毒既有个人中毒,也有群体中毒。其症状以恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻为主,往往伴有发烧。吐泻严重的还能发生脱水、酸中毒,甚至休克、昏迷等症状。
发生食物中毒如何处理
一旦有人出现上吐、下泻、腹痛等食物中毒症状,首先应立即停止食用可疑食物,同时,立即拨打120呼救。在急救车到来之前,可以采取以下自救措施:
催吐 对中毒不久而无明显呕吐者,可用手指、筷子等刺激其舌根部的方法催吐,或让中毒者大量饮用温开水并反复自行催吐,以减少毒素的吸收。经大量温水催吐后,呕吐物已为较澄清液体时,可适量饮用牛奶以保护胃黏膜。如在呕吐物中发现血性液体,则提示可能出现了消化道或咽部出血,应暂时停止催吐。
导泻 如果病人吃下中毒食物的时间较长(超过两小时),而且精神较好,可采用服用泻药的方式,促使有毒食物排出体外。用大黄、番泻叶煎服或用开水冲服,都能达到导泻的目的。
保留食物样本 由于确定中毒物质对治疗来说至关重要,因此,在发生食物中毒后,要保留导致中毒的食物样本,以提供给医院进行检测。如果身边没有食物样本,也可保留患者的呕吐物和排泄物,以方便医生确诊和救治。
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