2011-10-17 22:10:00

电焊安全技术

(一)电焊对人体的危害： 1.触电伤害： (1)人体某部位碰到焊条或夹钳的导体，同时脚或其它部位对地面或金属构件之间没有绝缘物而触电。 (2)电焊机外壳漏电，又没有良好的保护接零或接地，人体碰到电焊机外壳而触电。 (3)人体某部位碰到裸露的接头，破皮或绝缘失效的电线而触电。 (4)接线错误，使电焊机外壳带电，导致触电事故的发生。 2.电焊弧光伤害 (1)电焊机工作时，电弧产生强烈的可见光线和大量不可见的紫外线，直接照射眼球后可引起结膜炎，使人感到眼痛，流泪，眼痉挛和怕见光亮。轻者1—2天就好，重者会破坏视网膜，使视力显著下降，甚至失明。 (2)弧光不但伤害眼睛，而且还有害于外露的皮肤。一般在距离电焊机的弧光10米多远，就不会受到伤害。 3.有害气体和烟尘 (1)在电弧焊接中，由于电弧高温区的物理化学反应，产生锰铬的氧化物和烟尘，以及氟化物、氮氧化物、臭氧气体，由于钢板表面涂料的影响，又有铅、锌等氧化物的烟尘产生。 (2)有害气体和烟尘的成份和浓度，主要取决于焊条药皮的成份，表面涂料和作业环境。这些气体和烟尘吸入人体，对健康都有一定的影响。 (二)防护知识 1.隔离防护。电焊设备应有良好的隔离装置，避免人与带电导体接触。焊机的接线端应在防护罩内，电源线一般不超过2~3米，并应设置在靠墙壁不易接触处。临时需要使用较长的电源线，应架高2.5米以上。电焊机与设备间、墙间至少应留1米宽的通道。 2.绝缘良好。为防止电焊机绝缘被破坏，应做到：电焊机应在规定的电压下使用，供电线路上都应接有符合规定要求的熔断保险装置，防止电焊机受湖、电焊机电流过载，超过允许电流。 3.安装自动断电装置。使电焊机引弧时电源开关自动合闸，停止焊接时电源关机自动跳开，以免焊工在更换焊条时触电。 4.穿戴好安全防护用品。如绝缘手套、绝缘鞋等。 5.对电焊机外壳采取良好的保护接地或接零。但要注意，电焊机的二次回线端与焊件不得同时接地或接零。 6.在金属容器、潮湿的工地或地沟内，在金属构架或天车上焊接时，除手和脚必须绝缘保护外，照明灯应为12伏。并设监护人，密切注视焊工的动态。 7.在高处焊接时，必须有良好的脚手架和保护栏杆，并使用安全带。

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