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核电站运行有何特点? | 2012-2-6 20:03:00
核电站运行有何特点?
核电站运行的特点主要有:
(1)、核反应堆,俗称原子锅炉,堆芯核裂变链式反应产生放射性废物,因此核电站无论是正常运行还是事故运行,都必须保证放射性废物的危害不能无控制地排放至环境中。
(2)、核电站靠核裂变链式反应产生的热量加热产生的蒸汽发电,因此核电站运行,必须保证反应堆有足够完好的冷源,即使是反应堆停闭期,如果失去冷源,反应堆内的核衰变产生的余热也足够使反应堆烧毁。
(3)、移动控制棒和改变冷却剂中硼浓度都可以调节反应堆功率,移动控制棒可以快速地升降负荷,而改变硼浓度来调节功率,速率较慢,通常采用这两种方法共同调节。任何工况下,必须保证核反应堆可控,即保证反应性的控制,反应性的失控将导致重大核事故。
(4)、机组快速升降负荷,特别在燃耗末期由于氙毒的变化,将导致反应堆轴向功率偏差(ΔⅠ)控制困难,易产生堆芯局部热点,有造成堆芯烧毁的潜在风险;若频繁进行负荷跟踪, 将产生大量的放射性废气、废液,对环境产生潜在威胁,故核电机组必须相对稳定地带基本负荷运行。
(5)、压水堆机组每年所需燃料一次性装入。停机换料时,机组利用这一机会进行必要的维修和试验,以使机组保持良好的性能和安全水平,所以压水堆的机组每年有一次机组换料大修。
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