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芥子气中毒症状及急救 | 2011-11-10 11:18:00
芥子气中毒症状及急救
芥子气,学名二氯二乙硫醚,呈徽黄色或无色的油状液体,具有芥子末气味或大葱、蒜臭味,比重为1.28,气态比重为 5.5,沸点为 217C,冰点为13.4C。芥子气对皮肤、粘膜具有糜烂刺激作用,可引起眼结膜炎,引起呼吸道粘膜发炎,严重时造成糜烂水肿,并多伴有继发感染。本品多为战争时或恐怖分子所用。
(一)中毒表现
皮肤受芥子气作用后,往往在短时内出现明显症状,局部渐渐出现红斑。红斑与正常皮肤分界清晰,按压患处可留下白色之痕;红斑发展,渐渐变成青紫色并出现水疱,疱中有黄色脓液。皮肤的损伤以颜面、会阴等处较明显,暴露部位也较突出。当大腿受芥子气毒后,会阴必然伴有损伤,故此点可为诊断中毒佐证之一。
眼睛受毒出现炎症,可引起结膜炎,合并感染可成脓性。病人有流泪、羞明、发热等症状,继续发展为结膜水肿、眼睑痉挛,至最后造成角膜溃疡。严重者,由于角漠溃疡穿孔,玻璃体、水晶体流出,眼球萎缩而失明。
芥子气对呼吸道也有较强的致害作用,容易使呼吸道粘膜受损坏死,出现剧烈的咳嗽并有粘稠浓痰。严重时由于气管坏死粘膜的脱落可机械地阻碍呼吸;合并感染引起支气管肺炎,病人体温升高,身体衰弱。
(二)急救
迅速脱离现场,将伤员移至通风良好无毒处,脱去衣物,并用温水冲洗全身。
眼睛受伤者,速用温水冲洗并用浸2%苏打水之纱布包敷。
经过上述初步处理后,对中毒局部如皮肤上之毒液,用可溶解芥子气的溶剂如煤油、酒精或中和剂水溶液如漂白粉、双氧水浸润棉球吸去毒液,但需注意勿与周围健康皮肤接触。
对中毒皮肤之水疱应在无菌条件下剪开,放出毒液,再用浸泡苏打水的纱布包好。对呼吸道中毒严重者,应予吸氧,病人口中常用1:1000高锰酸钾溶液漱口。对于剧烈咳嗽者,可使用祛痰剂,如发生肺水肿者,还可静注高渗葡萄糖液。
预防感染,应用抗生素。
(三)预防
最好的预防方法是佩戴防毒面具,若暂时不具备防毒面具,也可用纱布、棉花浸润下列任何一种解毒溶液制做成简单的面具代替。①碳酸钠1份,硫代硫酸钠4份,甘油1份,热水9份。②乌洛托品70克,碳酸钠30克,水80毫升。
这两种液体对于一般毒气如氯气、光气、芥子气、路易氏毒气皆有防御作用,但作用持续时间不长,必须经常更换。
芥子气,学名二氯二乙硫醚,呈徽黄色或无色的油状液体,具有芥子末气味或大葱、蒜臭味,比重为1.28,气态比重为 5.5,沸点为 217C,冰点为13.4C。芥子气对皮肤、粘膜具有糜烂刺激作用,可引起眼结膜炎,引起呼吸道粘膜发炎,严重时造成糜烂水肿,并多伴有继发感染。本品多为战争时或恐怖分子所用。
(一)中毒表现
皮肤受芥子气作用后,往往在短时内出现明显症状,局部渐渐出现红斑。红斑与正常皮肤分界清晰,按压患处可留下白色之痕;红斑发展,渐渐变成青紫色并出现水疱,疱中有黄色脓液。皮肤的损伤以颜面、会阴等处较明显,暴露部位也较突出。当大腿受芥子气毒后,会阴必然伴有损伤,故此点可为诊断中毒佐证之一。
眼睛受毒出现炎症,可引起结膜炎,合并感染可成脓性。病人有流泪、羞明、发热等症状,继续发展为结膜水肿、眼睑痉挛,至最后造成角膜溃疡。严重者,由于角漠溃疡穿孔,玻璃体、水晶体流出,眼球萎缩而失明。
芥子气对呼吸道也有较强的致害作用,容易使呼吸道粘膜受损坏死,出现剧烈的咳嗽并有粘稠浓痰。严重时由于气管坏死粘膜的脱落可机械地阻碍呼吸;合并感染引起支气管肺炎,病人体温升高,身体衰弱。
(二)急救
迅速脱离现场,将伤员移至通风良好无毒处,脱去衣物,并用温水冲洗全身。
眼睛受伤者,速用温水冲洗并用浸2%苏打水之纱布包敷。
经过上述初步处理后,对中毒局部如皮肤上之毒液,用可溶解芥子气的溶剂如煤油、酒精或中和剂水溶液如漂白粉、双氧水浸润棉球吸去毒液,但需注意勿与周围健康皮肤接触。
对中毒皮肤之水疱应在无菌条件下剪开,放出毒液,再用浸泡苏打水的纱布包好。对呼吸道中毒严重者,应予吸氧,病人口中常用1:1000高锰酸钾溶液漱口。对于剧烈咳嗽者,可使用祛痰剂,如发生肺水肿者,还可静注高渗葡萄糖液。
预防感染,应用抗生素。
(三)预防
最好的预防方法是佩戴防毒面具,若暂时不具备防毒面具,也可用纱布、棉花浸润下列任何一种解毒溶液制做成简单的面具代替。①碳酸钠1份,硫代硫酸钠4份,甘油1份,热水9份。②乌洛托品70克,碳酸钠30克,水80毫升。
这两种液体对于一般毒气如氯气、光气、芥子气、路易氏毒气皆有防御作用,但作用持续时间不长,必须经常更换。
- 上一篇:路易氏毒气中毒症状及急救
- 下一篇:光气中毒症状及急救
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