一、安全生产标准体系
标准体系是“一定范围内标准按其内在联系形成的科学的有机整体”。安全生产标准体系是指为维持生产经营活动,保障安全生产而制定颁布的一切有关安全生产方面的技术、管理、方法、产品等标准的有机组合,既包括现行的安全生产标准,也包括正在制定修订和计划制定修订的安全生产标准。从大的概念来讲,安全生产标准体系由煤矿安全、非煤矿山安全、电气安全、危险化学品安全、石油化工安全、民爆物品安全、烟花爆竹安全、涂装作业安全、交通运输安全、机械安全、消防安全、建筑安全、个体防护装备(原劳动防护用品)、特种设备安全、通用生产安全等多个子体系组成。每个子体系又由若干部分组成,如非煤矿山安全标准子体系又由冶金安全、有色金属安全等下一层级标准组成。因此,安全生产标准体系是一个多层级的组合。下面仅就主要的安全生产标准子体系作一介绍。
1.煤矿安全生产标准体系包括:综合管理安全标准系统、井工开采安全标准系统、露天开采安全标准系统和职业危害安全标准系统等4个部分。
(1)综合管理安全标准系统
煤矿安全综合管理标准包含煤矿企业必须遵守国家和煤矿主管部门有关安全生产的法律、规定、条例、规程和标准等,它是规范煤矿安全技术与管理行为的法规文献。煤矿综合管理安全标准系统由综合管理通用要求、地质勘探规范、矿井设计规范、生产矿井安全管理等4个部分组成,包含了煤矿勘探、设计、建矿、生产、环保到闭矿全过程中的安全总体要求。
(2)井工开采安全标准系统
由于安全生产涉及煤炭开发生产全过程,且在井下的采、掘、机、运、通等各个环节都涉及到安全问题。井工开采煤矿安全生产标准系统包括:建井安全、开采安全、瓦斯防治、粉尘防治、矿井通风、火灾防治、水害防治、机械安全、电气安全、爆破安全、矿山救援等11个领域安全标准。其中每一专业领域的标准仍分为管理标准、技术标准和产品标准。
(3)露天开采安全标准系统
露天开采的安全问题主要存在于采剥工程、运输工程、排土工程和机电设备等生产环节,但是主要发生的危害是边坡稳定和安全,即采掘场边坡与排土场(包括外排和内排)边坡发生的滑坡、塌陷、泥石流等可能危及人身安全与设备安全的地质灾害。露天开采安全标准系统包括:露天开采安全标准、边坡稳定安全标准、露天机电安全标准等3个领域安全标准。其中每一专业领域的标准仍分为管理标准、技术标准和产品标准。
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