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振动的危害及防护
生产中由生产工具、设备等产生的振动称生产性振动。在生产中接触到的振动源有:(1)铆钉机、凿岩机、风铲等风动工具;(2)电钻、电锯、林业用油锯、砂轮机、抛光机、研磨机、养路捣固机等电动工具;(3)内燃机车、船舶、摩托车等运输工具;(4)拖拉机、收割机、脱粒机等农业机械。
振动对人体各系统均可生产影响,按其作用于人体的方式,可分为全身振动和局部振动。生产中常见的职业性危害因素是局部振动。局部振动亦谓手传振动。表现出对人体组织的交替压缩与拉抻,并向四周传播。振动在人体组织中传导性的大小顺序是:骨、结缔组织、软骨、肌肉、腺体和脑组织。振动对人体各系统影响表现在:(1)引起脑电图改变;条件反射潜伏期改变;交感神经功能亢进;血压不稳、心律不稳等;皮肤感觉功能降低,如触觉、温热觉、疼觉,尤其是振动感觉最早出现迟钝。(2)40~300Hz的振动能引起周围毛细血管形态和张力的改变,表现为末梢血管痉挛、脑血流图异常;心脏方面可出现心动过缓、窦性心律不齐和房内、室内、房室间传导阻滞等。(3)握力下降(4)40Hz以下的大振幅振动易引起骨和关节的改变,骨的X光底片上可见到骨贸形成、骨质疏松、骨关节变形和坏死等。(5)振动引起的听力变化以125~250Hz频段的听力下降为特点,但在早期仍以高频段听力损失为主,而后才出现低频段听力下降。振动和噪声有联合作用。(6)长期使用振动工具可产生局部振动病。局部振动病是以末梢循环障碍为主的疾病,亦可累及肢体神经及运动功能。发病部位一般多在上肢末端,典型表现为发作性手指变白(简称白指)。我国1957年就将局部振动病定为职业病。
影响振动作用的因素是振动频率、加速度和振幅。人体只对1~1000Hz振动产生振动感觉。频率在发病过程中有重要作用。30~300Hz主要是引起末梢血管痉挛,发生白指。频率相同时,加速度越大,其危害亦越大。振幅大,频率低的振动主要作用于前庭器官,并可使内脏产生移位。频率一定时,振幅越大,对机体影响越大。寒冷是振动病发病的重要外部条件之一,寒冷可导致血流量减少,使血液循环发生改变,导致局部供血不足,促进振动病发生。接触振动时间越长,振动病发病率越高。工间休息对预防振动病有积极意义。人对振动的敏感程度与身体所处位置有关。人体立位时对垂直振动敏感;卧位时对水平振动敏感。有的作业要采取强制体位,甚至胸腹部或下肢紧贴振动物体,振动的危害就更大。加工部件硬度大时,工人所受危害亦大,冲击力大的振动易使骨、关节发生病变。
为保护工人的身体健康,必须对振动危害加以控制,其主要途径如下:
改革工艺,从根本上取消和减少手持风动工具的作业,用液压、焊接、粘接代替铆接;改进风动工具,采用有效减振措施,改革工具排气口的位置;采用自动、半自动操纵装置,以减少肢体直接接触振动体;手持振动工具者,应戴双层衬垫无指手套或衬垫泡沫塑料无指手套,并注意保暖防寒;对新工人应作就业前体检,有血管痉挛和肢端血管失调及神经炎患者,禁止从事振动作业;对接触振动的作业工人应定期体检,间隔时间应为2~3年;对振动病患者应给予必要的治疗,对反复发作者应调离振动作业岗位。
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