http://www.esafety.cn/blog/wll/66030/index.html

电镀行业职业危害因素

作者[孙锡云] 发表于[2010-12-6 16:38:00]

电镀行业职业危害因素

 

 

    电镀作业的主要职业危害是接触多种有害气体和溶液。用有机溶剂去油时,有汽油、三氯乙烯等有机溶剂蒸气逸出。使用强酸的工序均有酸雾逸出,浸蚀时酸雾逸出量最大,对粘膜有刺激腐蚀作用,并可引起牙酸蚀病,强酸溶液溅到皮肤上立即引起灼伤。铬电镀时镀槽周围空气中铬酸浓度较高,长期接触可发生鼻中隔穿孔、皮肤溃疡、皮炎、湿疹,有些人可发生支气管哮喘。镀镍时接触硫酸镍也可引起皮炎和湿疹。采用碱性铬盐电镀时,可有氰化氢逸出,若镀液中的氰化物遇酸,可产生高浓度氰化氢,能引起急性中毒甚至威胁生命。

 

    电镀加工中涉及最广的是镀锌,镀铜、镍、铬,其中镀锌占45~50%,镀铜、镍、铬占30%,氧化铝和阳极化膜占15%,电子产品镀铅/锡、金约占5%。基本电镀工艺主要分为;镀前准备(检验、抛磨、绝缘处理)—上挂具(篮筐)—前处理(化学除油、电解除油、酸除锈、预处理、中和、活化、预镀等)—电镀或氧化或化学镀—后处理(清洗、钝化、着色、封闭、中和、烘干等)

  危害因素

  电镀生产中存在的化学、物理等对人体产生健康损害的因素称之为职业危害因素,按其来源可分为以下二大类:即生产过程和劳动过程中的有害因素。职业危害因素涉及类别多少、波及面大小、影响深度的界定,各个企业不尽相同。在新建、扩建、改建时要根据实际预测分析来规划和设计。

  职业危害:

  电镀常用化学物质:

  a.氰化物;包括含氰根的盐类。剧毒品,抑制呼吸酶,造成细胞内窒息。短时间内吸入高浓度氰化氢气体,可立即呼吸停止而死亡。可通过呼吸道、食道及皮肤浸入而引起中毒。轻者有粘膜刺激症状,唇舌麻木、气喘、恶心、呕吐、心悸。重者,呼吸不规则,意识逐渐昏迷、大小便失禁、可迅速发生呼吸障碍而死亡。氰化物中毒治愈后还可能发生神经系统后遗症,

  b.硫酸、盐酸、硝酸、氢氟酸、氨水、氢氧化钠等化学药品:以相对应的气体和酸()雾形式存在于工作场所的空气中,主要通过呼吸道、消化道进入人体。吸入后导致上呼吸道感染,引起咳嗽、胸闷、咽喉鼻腔充血、鼻中隔溃疡穿孔、喉痉挛、咽部糜烂溃疡、支气管炎、引起头晕、头痛、恶心、呕吐、、肺炎、肺水肿等症状。体外接触可引起灼伤、皮肤过敏、眼角膜穿孔。

  c.锌、铜、镍、铬酸盐等金属盐类:吸入气雾引起上呼吸道感染,如鼻穿孔、鼻溃疡、皮肤接触后引起接触性皮炎和过敏性皮炎湿疹。进入人体内引起急性中毒如:气急、呼吸困难、紫绀、休克、腹泻、腹绞痛、肝功能损害、肾功能衰竭。铬盐还是致癌物质。

  d.有机化学品;溶剂类主要是烷烃类、乙醇、苯类有毒物质。各类添加剂成分比较复杂,主要以环氧氯化烷烃与醇、炔、醚类的缩合、加成反应物。这两类毒物进入人体后多反映为运动障碍、神经源性损害、血液病如白血病、障碍性贫血等。

  粉尘:电镀粉尘主要产生源为抛光(包括振动光饰)、打磨、喷砂、等工序。主要是造成矽肺病的潜在危害。

  温度因素:人在高气温或同时存在高湿度或热辐射的不良件下进行劳动,机体发生体温调节障碍、代谢平衡紊乱,心率加快,血管扩张心脏负担增加,对循环系统、消化系统、神经系统都有损害,导致作业人员感到热、头晕、心慌、烦、渴、无力、疲倦等不适感,工作效率下降,动作协调性差,易发生误操作,也易于发生中暑事故。

  低温通常指10℃以下的环境温度,低温环境对人体的主要影响是使人体深部体温下降,从而引起一系列保护性或代偿性的生理反应,如颤抖、人体表面血管收缩、代谢率升高、心率和呼吸率加速以及血液成分变化等。若深部体温降至34°以下,人便会出现健忘、说话结巴和空间定向等障碍、触觉辨别力下降、手的操作灵活性明显降低;影响工作效率。

  噪声和振动因素:长期在超标噪声环境中工作,听力器官会受到损伤,导致神经、消化、心血管等诸系统发生由生理反应到病理改变的病变。主要反应有:头痛、头晕、耳鸣、心悸及睡眠障碍等神经衰弱综合症。振动因素在电镀行业中出现的情况不多见。

  劳动强度因素;指劳动时间定义上(包括不合理的休息制度)和超出个人生理能力的劳动强度过大;以及局部器官的过度疲劳和长时间用不良体位和姿势劳动或使用不合理的工具劳动。这种过大的劳动强度使劳动者工作规律和生活规律遭到破坏,体内疲劳淤积向过劳状态转移,使血压升高、动脉硬化加剧。国际上定义为:慢性疲劳综合症。导致出现:体力下降、记忆力减退、头痛头晕、精神不振、失眠多梦、烦躁焦虑、心理压力过大等症状,处于筋疲力尽的亚健康状态。

 

  • 标签:电镀行业 职业危害 因素 
  • 圈子:注安之家 
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    原创

    作者[原创(游客)] 发表于[2016-9-30 11:35:18]
    原创(游客)http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c8029ad http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7f9db2 http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c8242e4 http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c820c08 http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7ef1a0 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c80d089 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c80c7e5 http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7f5918 http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c820eee http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c8241e6

    原创

    作者[原创(游客)] 发表于[2016-9-28 16:58:06]
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    原创

    作者[原创(游客)] 发表于[2016-9-6 17:23:58]
    原创(游客)http://rywpxl.lofter.com/post/1e5a849c_c3d3609 http://rywpxl.lofter.com/post/1e5a849c_c3d3608 http://rywpxl.lofter.com/post/1e5a849c_c3d3607 http://rywpxl.lofter.com/post/1e5a849c_c3d3606 http://rywpxl.lofter.com/post/1e5a849c_c3d3605 http://rywpxl.lofter.com/post/1e5a849c_c3d3604 http://rywpxl.lofter.com/post/1e5a849c_c3d3603 http://rywpxl.lofter.com/post/1e5a849c_c3d3602 http://rywpxl.lofter.com/post/1e5a849c_c3d3601 http://rywpxl.lofter.com/post/1e5a849c_c3d3600
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