http://www.esafety.cn/blog/wll/66030/index.html

有机磷农药中毒

作者[孙锡云] 发表于[2010-12-1 22:24:00]
有机磷农药中毒

        接触机会   有机磷农药生产与使用人员。

        侵入途径

        可经皮肤、呼吸道、消化道吸收。

        毒理学简介

        各品种的毒性可不同,多数属剧毒和高毒类,少数为低毒类。某些品种混合使用时有增毒作用,如马拉硫磷与敌百虫、敌百虫与谷硫磷等混合剂。某些品种可经转化而增毒,如1605氧化后毒性增加,敌百虫在碱性溶液中转化为敌敌畏而毒性更大。

        有机磷农药(有机磷酸酯类农药)在体内与胆碱酯酶形成磷酰化胆碱酯酶,胆碱酯酶活性受抑制,使酶不能起分解乙酰胆碱的作用,致组织中乙酰胆碱过量蓄积,使胆碱能神经过度兴奋,引起毒蕈碱样、烟碱样和中枢神经系统症状。磷酰化胆碱酶酯酶一般约经48小时即"老化",不易复能。

        某些酯烃基及芳烃基磷酸酯类化合物尚有迟发性神经毒作用,是由于有机磷农药抑制体内神经病靶酯酶(神经毒性酯酶),并使之"老化",而引起迟发性神经病。此毒作用与胆碱酯酶活性无关。

        缓释微胶囊剂型的有机磷农药,作用时间可较长。

        临床表现

        急性中毒    

        潜伏期: 按农药品种及浓度,吸收途径及机体状况而异。一般经皮肤吸收多在2~6小时发病,呼吸道吸入或口服后多在10分钟至2小时发病。

        发病症状: 各种途径吸收致中毒的表现基本相似,但首发症状可有所不同。如经皮肤吸收为主时常先出现多汗、流涎、烦躁不安等;经口中毒时常先出现恶心、呕吐、腹痛等症状;呼吸道吸入引起中毒时视物模糊及呼吸困难等症状可较快发生。

        根据毒作用部位而引起的症状:

        a. 毒蕈碱样症状: 食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、流涎、多汗、视物模糊、瞳孔缩小、呼吸道分泌物增加、支气管痉挛、呼吸困难、肺水肿。

        b. 烟碱样症状: 肌束颤动、肌力减退、肌痉挛、呼吸肌麻痹。

        c. 中枢神经系统症状: 头痛、头晕、倦怠、乏力、失眠或嗜睡、烦躁、意识模糊、语言不清、谵妄、抽搐、昏迷,呼吸中枢抑制致呼吸停止。

        d. 植物神经系统症状: 血压升高、心率加快,病情进展时出现心率减慢、心律失常。

        中毒分级

        a. 轻度中毒: 有头晕、头痛、恶心、呕吐、多汗、胸闷、视物模糊、无力等症状,瞳孔可能缩小。全血胆碱酯酶活性一般为50%~70% 。

        b. 中度中毒: 上述症状加重,尚有肌束颤动、瞳孔缩小、轻度呼吸困难、流涎、腹痛、腹泻、步态蹒跚、意识清或模糊。全血胆碱酯酶活性一般在30%~50% 。

        d. 重度中毒: 除上述症状外,尚有肺水肿、昏迷、呼吸麻痹或脑水肿。全血胆碱酯酶活性一般在30%以下。

        迟发性猝死: 在乐果、敌百虫等严重中毒恢复期,可发生突然死亡。常发生于中毒后3~15日。多见于口服中毒者。

        中间型综合征: 倍硫磷、乐果、久效磷、敌敌畏、甲胺磷等中毒后2~4天,出现以肢体近端肌肉、屈颈肌、脑神经运动支支配的肌肉和呼吸肌无力为主的临床表现,包括抬头、肩外展、屈髋和睁眼困难,眼球活动受限,复视,面部表情肌运动受限,声音嘶哑,吞咽和咀嚼困难,可因呼吸肌麻痹而死亡。

        迟发性周围神经病:甲胺磷、丙胺磷、丙氟磷、对硫磷、马拉硫磷、伊皮恩、乐果、敌敌畏、敌百虫、丙胺氟磷等中毒病情恢复后4~45天出现四肢感觉-运动型多发性神经病。与胆碱酯酶活性无关。

        农药溅入眼内可引起瞳孔缩小,不一定有全身中毒。

        急救处理

        过量接触者立即脱离现场,至空气新鲜处。皮肤污染时立即用大量清水或肥皂水冲洗。眼污染时用清水冲洗。口服者洗胃后留置胃管,以便农药反流时可再次清洗,如口服乐果后宜留置胃管2~3天,定时清洗。无法用胃管洗胃时可作胃造瘘置管洗胃。

        有轻度毒蕈碱样、烟碱样或中枢神经系统症状,全血胆碱酯酶活性正常者;无明显症状,全血胆碱酯酶活性70%以下者;或接触量大者,均应观察24~72小时,及时处理。

        特效解毒剂

        a.  阿托品: 能清除或减轻毒蕈碱样和中枢神经系统症状,改善呼吸中枢抑制。

        用药原则: 早期、适量、反复给药,快速达到"阿托品化"(瞳孔扩大、颜面潮红、皮肤无汗、口干、心率加速)。

        用法: 轻度中毒,每次1~2mg,皮下或肌注,每4~6小时1次,达"阿托品化"后改为口服0.3~0.6mg,每日2~3次。中度中毒,首次2~5mg,静注。重度中毒首次10~20mg,静注,如毒蕈碱样症状未好转或未达"阿托品化",则5~10分钟后重复半量或全量;也可用静滴维持药量,随时调整剂量,达"阿托品化",直至毒蕈碱样症状明显好转,改用维持量。如症状、体征基本消退,可减量观察12小时,如病情无反复,可停药。

        轻度中毒可单独应用阿托品,中度及重度中毒时合并应用阿托品及胆碱酯酶复能剂。合并用药有协同作用,剂量应适当减少。

        少量农药溅入眼内引起瞳孔缩小,无全身中毒症状者,不必同阿托品作全身治疗,应用0.5%~1%阿托品滴眼即可。

        注意事项: 

        (1)防止全身用药过量引起阿托品中毒(瞳孔扩大、心动过速、尿储留、体温升高、谵妄、抽搐、昏迷、呼吸麻痹等)。如发生阿托品中毒时应立即停药,症状严重者可应用毛果芸香碱或新斯的明等药拮抗阿托品的作用。

        (2)较长时间大剂量应用阿托品可引起阿托品依赖现象,表现为阿托品减量或停用时出现面色苍白、头晕、出汗、腹痛、呕吐等类似有机磷中毒"反跳"现象。一旦发生此现象,应逐渐减量至停药。

        阿托品1ml含0.5mg的剂型为低渗溶液,大剂量使用时可能引起血管内溶血,需加以注意。654(山茛菪碱)和703(樟柳碱)的药理作用与阿托品相似,对有机磷中毒有一定疗效。

        b. 胆碱酯酶复能剂: 常用肟类复能剂为解磷定和氯磷定,复能剂对不同品种中毒的疗效不尽相同,如对1605、1059、苏化203、3911等中毒疗效显蓍;对敌百虫、敌敌畏中毒疗效稍差;对乐果、4049中毒疗效不明显;对二嗪农、谷硫磷等中毒有不良作用,但对其他有机磷酸酯杂质可能有一定疗效。对复能剂疗效不理想的农药中毒,治疗以阿托品为主。但目前对复能剂治疗各品种的疗效不同的观点有异议。

        复能剂应及早应用,中毒后48小时磷酰化胆碱酯酶即"老化",不易重新活化。用法: 轻度中毒可不用复能剂,或轻中度中毒,用氯磷定0.25~0.5g,肌注,或解磷定0.5g静注,必要时2小时后重复一次。重度中毒给氯磷定0.75~1g或解磷定1~1.5g溶于10%葡萄糖液缓慢静注,半小时后如病情无明显好转,可重复一次,后改为静滴,速度一般每小时不超过0.5g。烟碱样症状好转后逐步停药。一般应用1~2日。

        用药过多过快可引起呼吸抑制,应立即停药,施行人工呼吸或气管插管加压给氧。一般短时间即可恢复自发呼吸。

        c. 含抗胆碱剂和复能剂的复方注射液

        解磷注射液: 起作用快,作用时间较长。因有多种配方,其用法不同。由苯那辛(抗胆碱药)和氯磷定等组成的复合剂肌注,轻度中毒1/2~1支;中度中毒1~2支,加用氯磷定0.5g;重度中毒2~3支,加用氯磷定0.75~1.0g。用药后1小时可重复半量。中毒症状基本消退,全血胆碱酯酶活性60%以上,停药观察。HI-6复方: 含HI-6(酰胺磷定,为胆碱酯酶复能剂)、阿托品、胃复康、安定等,每支2ml。轻度中毒1/2~1支,中度中毒2~3支,重度中毒3~5支,均肌注。口服中毒者适当加量,必要时补充阿托品。

        对症、支持治疗。

        预防"反跳"现象及迟发性猝死: 口服者及早彻底洗胃;适量应用阿托品,勿过早停药;恢复期避免过早活动;症状消退后继续观察2~3日,防止出现病情反复。严重中毒恢复期作心电图监护,及时治疗心律失常,以防发生扭转性室性心动过速导致死亡。

        吗啡类药物忌用。

 

  • 标签:有机磷农药 中毒 
  • 圈子:注安之家 
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    http://qiannao.com/file/heshengyule/413d49df/

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    http://www.esafety.cn/blog/u/3012/archives/2011/118836.html
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    http://www.esafety.cn/blog/wll/203577/archives/2013/128578.html
    http://www.esafety.cn/blog/u/3012/archives/2010/102701.html
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    原创

    作者[原创(游客)] 发表于[2016-9-30 14:50:33]
    原创(游客)http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7f2e16 http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7fa988 http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7f4fca http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c822c33 http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7e8962 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c81544c http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7f2fae http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7e8b26 http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7eedcb http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7f5f67

    原创

    作者[原创(游客)] 发表于[2016-9-28 20:10:10]
    原创(游客)http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6de8dd http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c70f4bc http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c64f0fb http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c64fb60 http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6de23f http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6df232 http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6ed142 http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6eeb5c http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6f0ca5 http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c64ef23

    原创

    作者[原创(游客)] 发表于[2016-9-6 20:33:14]
    原创(游客)http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385b3f http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385b3e http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385b3d http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385b3c http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385b3b http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385b3a http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385b39 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385b38 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385b37 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385b36
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