中暑(heatstroke)是指在高温和热辐射的长时间作用下,机体体温调节障碍,水、电解质代谢紊乱及神经系统功能损害的症状的总称。2010年7月,“中暑”被列入了国家法定职业病目录。
1 中暑的原因
因身体过度受热,使体温调节功能发生障碍而引起的一种急性疾病。
中暑的原因是非常多的,在高温作业的车间工作,如果再加上通风差,则极易发生中暑;农业及露天作业时,受阳光直接暴晒,再加上大地受阳光的暴晒,使大气温度再度升高,使人的脑膜充血,大脑皮层缺血而引起中暑,空气中湿度的增强易诱发中暑;在公共场所、家族中,人群拥挤集中,产热集中,散热困难。除了高温、烈日曝晒外,精神过度紧张、人员过于密集、工作强度过大、时间过长、睡眠不足、过度疲劳等均为常见的诱因。
2 中暑的主要症状
2.1 中暑多发生在夏季高温环境,如通风不良的高温车间、露天作业现场等。
2.2 中暑初期表现为头痛、头晕、疲乏、无力、口渴等,随后出现体温显著升高,脉搏快速,面红、恶心、呕吐等。严重时可出现昏迷、呼吸急促等,最后因呼吸循环衰竭而死亡。
2.3 如伴有因大量出汗所致的氯化纳丢失,可出现全身肌肉痉挛,最常见的为小腿抽筋。
3 中暑的预防
3.1 合理处理热源。改革工艺,减少热源,将强热源移出车间或安放在下风口。采取隔热措施,将热源分开。
3.2 加强通风降温。自然通风,根据单位的情况,使热空气自然流出,冷空气自然吹入。机械通风,采用风机,冷却处理,电风扇、空调等进行通风高温。
3.3 加强个人防护。根据作业环境特点,采用适当的防护用品和防护措施。
3.4 适当饮用含盐清凉饮料,以补充氯化纳和水分。
3.5 如果在阳光下作业,可适当避开中午强烈的日光。
4
中暑的现场救护
4.1 轻度中暑的救护:如果因热而感到头痛、乏力、口渴等时,应自行离开高温环境到阴凉通风的地方适当休息,并饮用冷盐开水,冷水洗脸或吹电风扇等。
4.2 中度中暑的救护:立即将其移到阴凉通风处平卧,解开衣服,用冷毛巾敷头部,冷水擦身体,吹电风扇等方法降温。
4.3 严重中暑的救护:如果是严重中暑,就要用冷水冲淋或在头、颈、腋下、大腿放置冰袋等迅速降温。
4.4 如果中暑者能饮水。则让他喝冷盐水或其他清凉饮料,以补充水分和盐分。
4.5 对病情较重者,应迅速转送医院作进一步的治疗。
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