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{劳动者接触职业病危害的评定方法}


    (一)询问调查

    是接触评定的最常用手段,也是接触评定的重要依据。询问的内容包括职业史、接触人群特征、接触方式、接触途径、接触时间等。

    (二)环境监测

    1.职业性有害因素的存在特点

    可归纳为(种类的)多样性、(接触的)变动性和间断性。

    2.确定监测对象和拟定监测方案

    根据职业性有害因素的存在特点,应深入现场调查,确定主要监测对象,拟定监测方案。因为职业有害因素的多样性,确定合适的监测对象对接触评定来说非常重要。因此确定监测对象时应考虑如下信息:

    (1)企业领导、生产工艺(工程)技术人员和工人的反映;

    (2)医务人员的临床观察,应特别注意临床表现与接触有害因素的时间顺序;

    (3)毒理学资料:通过查阅毒理学资料,了解毒性大小、毒作用特点等,以确定重点监测对象,如危害性较大的农药和某些重金属、有机化合物等,应重点监测;

    (4)流行病学调查资料:如调查表明存在接触水平—反应(或效应)关系,则应着手建立监测体系,拟定监测方案,包括确定监测地点、监测时间、监测周期及监测记录表(详见实习部分第三章)。

    3.接触水平的估计

    接触水平的估计,是接触评定的重要环节。目前,多采用区域采样所测得的空气中有害物质浓度的平均值及波动范围作为评价指标。平均值的计算和表达随测定值的分布特征而异。如果测定值得分布较集中,呈正态分布或近似正态分布时,可用算术均数表示;但生产环境中,有害物质的浓度测定值往往相差几倍或几十倍,呈倍数关系或偏态分布,则应该用几何均数表示;有些情况下,出现个别较大值或较小值或一侧无确切值时,可用中位数表示。

    4.作业环境监测资料的整理和保管

    监测资料应根据劳动卫生标准和法规,参考有关文献,及时整理分析、评价,作为采取控制措施的依据。

    (三)生物监测

    1.生物监测的定义

    生物监测(biological monitoring)是指“定期(有计划)的检查人体生物材料中毒物和(或)其代谢产物的含量或由其所致的生物效应水平,并与参比值(标准)进行比较,以评价人体接触毒物的程度及可能的健康影响”。

    生物监测是职业性有害因素评价的重要组成部分,与环境监测相辅相承、互为补充、全面进行对职业性有害因素的评价。

    在这里应强调的是生物监测必须定期、系统而连续地进行。其监测内容不仅是生物材料中毒物和(或)其代谢产物的含量,且应包括由其所致的生物效应水平。监测的目的是了解毒物进入机体的相对量及其生物效应剂量,并作出评价,为控制和降低人体接触水平,为预防职业危害提供依据。

    2.生物监测的特点及意义

    (1)反应机体总的接触量和负荷

    (2)可直接检测内剂量和内负荷及生物效应剂量

    (3)综合了个体差异因素和毒物动力学过程的变异性

    (4)可用于筛检易感者  

自由空间 2012-11-16 21:53:00 | 阅读全文 | 回复(18) | 引用通告 | 编辑
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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pkchk(游客) 2016-10-22 5:50:26 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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bgimq(游客) 2016-10-21 20:17:06 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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lgxbf(游客) 2016-10-21 15:09:47 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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vacfi(游客) 2016-10-20 12:43:56 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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kjybf(游客) 2016-10-20 9:47:26 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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sneim(游客) 2016-10-18 9:48:52 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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ptxbf(游客) 2016-10-17 0:56:14 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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etxbe(游客) 2016-10-17 0:20:57 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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ondil(游客) 2016-10-16 13:19:51 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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wumor(游客) 2016-10-11 3:26:32 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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iadfi(游客) 2016-10-8 19:05:53 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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foegj(游客) 2016-10-6 1:01:37 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
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原创(游客)http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c82075e http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c824660 http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7f7457 http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7ecab3 http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c820cbc http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c812e5c http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7f84d5 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c8142a1 http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7ee79d http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7f08dc
原创(游客) 2016-9-30 13:34:04 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
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原创(游客)http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6ef578 http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6ded96 http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c64fe20 http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6dde6e http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c64fd22 http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c652f66 http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c70f782 http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c65005c http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6ee9d4 http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c64f15f
原创(游客) 2016-9-28 18:56:05 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
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原创(游客)http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c373dd4 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c373dd3 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c373dd2 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c373dd1 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c373dd0 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c373dcf http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c373dce http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c373dcd http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c373dcc http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c373dcb
原创(游客) 2016-9-6 19:19:28 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
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