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{纺织工业的职业危害及预防}

纺织工业的职业危害及预防

纺织工业的原料有天然纤维(棉、毛、丝、麻)、人造纤维(化学纤维,包括粘胶纤维、醋酸纤维)、合成纤维。车间不良气象条件、粉尘、噪声、不良照明等是纺织工业中职业卫生的共性问题,但因加工纤维的不同也有些特殊性问题。

一、纺织过程中的职业病危害因素及预防

1.粉尘

棉纺织的整个生产过程中都有产生粉尘的可能,开棉、混棉、清棉过程中产生粉尘最多,长期吸入棉、麻等粉尘可引发气道阻塞性疾病,患者有胸部紧缩感、胸闷、气短,并有急性肺功能障碍。预防时,对混棉机、清棉机的粉尘采取密闭、通风、除尘的措施,治理效果很好;梳棉、并条设吸尘装置,可使粉尘强度大大降低;此外,工作场所要注意采用湿式清扫。

2.高温高湿

纺织车间生产上要求一定的温湿度。温度要求在18.3℃以上,夏季太阳辐射作用加上机器运转产生的热和人体的散热,可使车间温度升高到40℃以上。此时,降温最有效的方法是采用空气调节,屋顶喷水可作为辅助降温措施。纺织车间相对湿度要维持在45%~80%之间,车间中的风速不宜太高,一般小于0.5 m/s。在浆纱车间,高温、高湿是主要职业病危害因素,且体力劳动较强(搬运浆粉,将浆粉投入煮槽内,搬运、装置及卸下沉重的织轴)。

3.噪声与振动

产生噪声最大的车间为织布车间,可以达97~105 dB,其次为细纱车间,达到90~97 dB。在预防上可使用吸音材料等。

4.照明问题

纺织厂需要视力紧张的工种很多,因此,照明不足或不合理,将成为职业卫生问题。造成纺织厂工人视力紧张。一般对工作面照度的要求:纺纱为60 Lux(1975年建议,单独使用一般照明为不低于75Lux)。

5.纺织工业中,体力劳动强度较大、不良体位、个别器官紧张是比较普遍的问题。其根本解决办法是通过技术改造,提高纺织作业设备、劳动过程与人的适配性。

二、印染过程中的职业危害因素及预防

印染工业主要职业危害是高温、高湿及有毒的染料蒸气。煮炼、漂白、干燥、染印等过程相对湿度可达80%以上,夏季室温可达40℃。用次氯酸钠漂白及最后酸洗都有氯气产生。染色中使用强酸、强碱可引起酸碱灼伤和酸雾刺激,在调配和使用苯胺染料时,可接触苯胺液体或蒸汽,可能引起中毒、皮炎等。此外苯胺类染料和荧光增白剂可能有致癌作用。

预防措施主要是染料配制的密闭化及自动化;安装隔热排气罩,把大量热气、有害物质经过处理后排至车间外,此外,还应加强个人防护。


自由空间 2011-11-15 22:03:00 | 阅读全文 | 回复(16) | 引用通告 | 编辑
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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jhwae(游客) 2017-3-2 22:27:25 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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xbeim(游客) 2017-2-19 22:34:58 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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gcuzc(游客) 2016-10-23 13:14:50 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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xbgim(游客) 2016-10-23 2:44:51 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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joquy(游客) 2016-10-22 23:41:43 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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quycg(游客) 2016-10-22 13:56:15 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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kjzbe(游客) 2016-10-22 3:19:50 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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swaei(游客) 2016-10-21 1:44:34 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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vtkmq(游客) 2016-10-18 12:12:44 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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kixbf(游客) 2016-10-18 4:02:59 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{原创}
原创(游客)http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c80cf0c http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7f84fe http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7f2da4 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c80c3c9 http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c820949 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c80da3a http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7fa0d0 http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c823b61 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c80c34e http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c814d7d
原创(游客) 2016-9-30 11:17:30 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
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原创(游客)http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c710431 http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6ee8e6 http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c711426 http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6ed49b http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6ed408 http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c70749f http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6de573 http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c651913 http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c651b76 http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c7104df
原创(游客) 2016-9-28 16:40:50 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
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原创(游客)http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c386aad http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c386aac http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c386aab http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c386aaa http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c386aa9 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c386aa8 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c386aa7 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c386aa6 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c386aa5 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c386aa4
原创(游客) 2016-9-6 17:05:37 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
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