采矿工业的职业危害及预防
采矿的生产过程、劳动过程、生产环境中都存在某些特有的职业卫生问题。比如采矿中产生的含有各种成分的粉尘、炮烟、毒气;直接作用于人体的噪声、振动、肮脏环境、繁重的体力劳动;作业环境中种种不安全因素;不良的微小气候和污染的空气,需强大的通风设备维持生产。由于采矿种类的不同,职业卫生问题也有不同的特点。比如煤矿除粉尘外,高温、甲烷和煤尘爆炸的危险是比较特殊的;而在金属和非金属矿开采的矿石中存在有毒物质(铅、汞、砷、锰、铍、铀、石棉),而且某些矿物(金、钨、萤石等)和石英共生,致使粉尘中游离二氧化硅含量很高,对肺的危害特别严重。
从生产过程来看,煤矿的职业卫生问题是比较复杂的,现以井下煤矿为例,对采矿中的职业危害问题阐述如下。
一、井下采煤的作业过程和工种
掘进作业。在岩层或煤层中,掘凿巷道的过程称为掘进。
采煤作业。采煤是在煤层中的采煤作业面,由采煤工担任的作业过程。工序分为落煤、装煤、运煤、支护和顶板管理。由于机械化程度不同,采煤的劳动条件差别很大。
运输作业。采掘的煤炭和岩石等由运输巷道运到车场,再由提升机、绞车或皮带运输机运送到地面。
支护充填作业。挖掘出来的巷道,需用木材、金属、混凝土材料加以支护,以防止巷道变形、崩塌。也可将水泥浆用高压泵喷涂顶帮,以加固巷壁,形成永久巷道,作为运矿、人行、通风之用。
辅助作业。包括通风、机电、排水、木工等工种的作业。
二、主要职业病危害因素
在采煤工业中,主要职业病危害因素有:不良气象条件、生产性粉尘、有毒气体、生产性噪声和振动等。劳动强度较大、作业姿势不良和容易发生外伤等也是井下作业的特点。
煤矿井下气象条件的基本特点是气温高、湿度大、不同地点气流大小不等和温差大。由于用通风机通风,矿井中的气流,在竖井或斜井中的风速有时可达3~5 m/s以上,越往巷道深处,气流越小。有的采煤掌子面风速很小。矿井内的不良气象条件是煤矿工人发生感冒、上呼吸道炎症及风湿性疾病的促发因素,煤矿工人上呼吸道感染及风湿性疾病的发病率一般比其他工厂企业高。在通风不良的深矿井中,夏季可能发生中暑。
煤矿生产中存在大量的生产性粉尘。生产性粉尘是煤矿中的主要危害因素。矿井内许多生产过程和工序,如钻眼、放炮、采煤、运输等,都能产生大量的煤尘。岩石掘进干式钻孔,产生粉尘量最大,粉尘浓度可高达800~1400mg/m3;使用电钻凿岩、手工凿岩、放炮后装车时次之。一般岩石中游离二氧化硅含量多在10%~30%之间。在煤尘中,常含有一定量的游离二氧化硅,但一般不超过10 %。煤矿工人由于长期吸入含有较高游离二氧化硅的岩尘、煤尘和混合性粉尘,可发生矽肺、煤工尘肺。
煤矿中也存在有毒气体。在矿井空气中,可存在瓦斯、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氮氧化物以及硫化氢等。瓦斯的主要成分是甲烷,它存在于煤层中,在煤块崩落时,排放出来。低瓦斯矿井相对瓦斯涌出量不到
矿井中的生产性噪声和振动主要来源于机械工具。噪声和振动的程度取决于生产过程、开采方法和使用的工具。一般说,风动工具(风钻、风镐等)比电动工具(电钻),振动式运输机比皮带运输机发生的噪声和振动更为严重。风动工具的噪声一般在90~100dB;联合采煤机的噪声在100~104 dB,可能引发噪声性耳聋。长期受局部振动作用可能引起手臂振动病。
劳动强度大和作业姿势不良在采矿作业中大量存在。煤矿工人劳动强度较大,如掘进工岩石装车操作,属重体力劳动。在薄煤层作业时,整个工作日内工人不得不采取弯腰、蹲位和跪、卧位操作。
由于采矿作业条件恶劣,故矿工多发病常见。生产性外伤是煤矿工人的主要多发病。在安全条件不良的煤矿,因外伤的休工日可占因病伤总休工日的30%。煤矿工人的多发病还有:呼吸道感染、风湿性疾病、急慢性胃肠炎和化脓性皮肤病等。
三、预防措施
改善煤矿井下作业工人的劳动条件、控制煤矿井下作业中的职业病危害因素、保护煤矿工人健康的根本出路是对煤矿生产过程、设备的技术改造,逐步实现机械化、自动化生产。煤矿企业的不安全因素较多、劳动条件较差、职业危害较严重,为此必须严格执行国家现行法规,严格禁止不具备安全、卫生生产条件的煤矿投产,并不断对煤矿进行技术改造,逐步实现采矿自动化的战略,以便逐步从根本上改善煤矿工人的劳动条件。当然也要采用工程技术措施和卫生保健措施等来进行预防。
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