有色金属冶炼中的职业危害及预防
有色金属包括重金属(铅、锰、汞、钻、钨、锑、锡、铊)、轻金属(铝、镍、锌、镁)、稀有金属(钼、铍、锶、钛、铋、镉)、贵重金属(金、银、铂)、放射性金属(镭、钍、铀)等。在自然界中,各种有色金属常以硫化物、氧化物、砷化物、碳酸盐、硅酸盐等形式存在,并常常是多种矿物的天然簇聚共生。因此,采掘一种矿石即可从中提炼出多种有经济价值的有色金属。采出来的矿石,经选矿形成精矿;精矿冶炼成为各种有色金属。
有色金属在冶炼过程中职业危害比较严重,不仅有职业危害问题,也会造成环境污染,在职业卫生和环境保护上都值得关注。现简要介绍几种有色金属冶炼中的职业危害及预防措施。
一、主要有色金属冶炼工艺
1.铅、锌、铜冶炼
目前,大型铅、锌、铜冶炼厂多采用鼓风炉熔炼烧结矿法。精矿先经烧结脱硫,形成氧化物,加入溶剂(二氧化硅、碳酸钙等),再进行高温熔炼,除去精矿中的杂质,使氧化物还原为铅、锌、铜。在炉内反应、分馏,提炼出金属铅、锌、铜。
2.铝冶炼
铝的用途广泛。我国是用铝、炼铝的大户。铝的原料是铝土矿,铝土矿与焙烧后的石灰石配合后,经破碎、磨制矿浆、加碱溶出、洗涤、分离、焙烧等过程产出氧化铝,氧化铝经电解,产出品位较高的电解铝。
3.其他有色金属冶炼
铍、镉都是稀有金属。自然界于地壳中埋藏量极低,如铍约占地壳组成的十万分之五。它们是组成合金的重要金属,广泛用于化学工业、电气器材、机械制造及国防工业。
绿柱石是炼铍的主要矿石。多采用火法冶炼工艺。作业场所常被含铍烟尘和铍蒸汽污染。镉冶炼多从铅锌矿、锡矿的精选尾矿或冶炼后的炉渣中回收提炼镉。
二、主要职业危害因素
有色金属冶炼是职业危害比较严重的生产过程,在整个生产过程中从原料到成品都产生各种各样的职业危害。
烧结、焙烧、冶炼中产生大量的含有各种毒物的混合性烟尘,每生产1 t铅排放烟尘量约为0.6 t,每生产1 t锌排放烟尘可达0.11~35.8 t,严重地污染了车间内外环境。
(1)铅冶炼工的铅中毒发病率较高。
(2)铍冶炼中产生铍蒸气、烟尘,工人长期接触可发生铍中毒、铍性皮炎、皮肤溃疡、肺的铍肉芽肿。
(3)铜锌冶炼时产生大量的锌蒸气,在空气中,迅速被氧化成氧化锌,吸入氧化锌引起的金属热是铜锌等金属冶炼中多发的职业病。
(4)锡、锑冶炼过程中产生的烟尘,工人长期接触可引发上呼吸道炎症,长期累积可发生锡尘肺、锑尘肺等。
(5)刺激性气体的危害在有色金属冶炼中也是比较常见的,铜锌冶炼中产生的大量二氧化硫,可对人体造成危害。
(6)粉尘的危害在有色金属冶炼过程中也是普遍的,粉尘中含毒性较大的铅、铍、铊等,其中游离二氧化硅所造成的危害也是不可忽视的。
(7)高温与热辐射是有色金属冶炼中较普遍的危害因素。
三、预防措施
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