随着企业的改革与发展,安全管理工作面临着很多新的问题,传统的安全管理模式和方法越来越多的表现出事后处理型的弊端,为尽快建立起现代安全管理的模式、方法,把预防为主的根本要求,系统、规范、有效地落实到安全管理的各个环节上,有效控制职业健康安全风险,保障企业的持续、稳定、健康、快速发展,就要全面完成职业健康安全管理体系(GB/T28001)的建立和实施、运行和认证工作。在此对企业建立、运行和保持职业安全健康管理体系等相关问题谈些粗浅认识.
一、做好建立体系的基础工作。
做好职业健康安全管理体系的策划和前期准备工作是建立职业安全健康管理体系的基础和前提。重点要做好决策层、管理层、执行层的宣贯和培训工作,统一认识,深刻理解和掌握规范中17个要素的逻辑内涵,对不同层次的人员,其培训的侧重点和目的应不相同,对管理层的培训,要他们真正掌握和理解体系审核规范的基本内容、原理原则以及内涵。要明确各职能部门在安全管理中的具体职责,只有明确了具体职责,职能划分才会准确,程序文件职责才会清晰.工作才能顺畅。
二、职业安全健康管理体系强调全员参与性,要真正做到全员参与。
在现代企业中,安全管理是一个牵扯到生产经营全过程、全方位、全体员工的系统工程,需要每个岗位员工的参与,要做到管理不漏项、事事有人管、管事有绩效、时时在提高,才能保证贯标工作的深入开展。职业安全健康管理体系的对象相当复杂,受整个生产经营过程中人、机、料、法、环境五个方面因素的制约,而员工的安全意识和安全技术水平是动态的,是关系到安全管理成败的主观决定性因素,因此在职业安全健康管理体系运行中应充分考虑人的因素,加强对员工职业安全健康培训,认真学习和领会体系文件的内容,在运行中学习,在学习中运行,把体系融入到日常工作中去,提高其安全意识和参与职业安全健康管理的意识,保证体系的有效运行。使全员理解、全员参与、全员支持,方能持续改进,成为永恒的动力。
三、发挥各级管理层的作用
企业管理层是企业的中坚力量,承担着企业决策、战略的执行、基层管理、与领导层的管理沟通等作用。体系的建立仅有领导层的重视是远远不够的,还需要管理层发挥他们的桥梁和纽带作用,带动广大员工,学习体系文件,执行体系标准与规范,使体系较好地运行。但从体系运行过程来看,恰恰在管理层(特别是机关管理层)作用发挥上容易出现偏差,容易出现“灯下黑”,他们错误认为目前企业的部门是按照职能划分的,安全上的事情就是安保科、贯标办的事情,不积极参与贯标培训,对贯标的各阶段工作被动应付,未按照《管理手册》要求发挥其职能职责,表现为:专家老师上门躲避、内审来了应付(由内审员审核)、月度自查过问甚少,从而导致体系在该部门执行力差。
四、危害辨识必须全面、彻底
职业安全健康管理体系运行的主线是风险控制过程,而基础是危害辨识、风险评价和风险控制策划,为了控制风险,首先要对企业所有作业活动中存在的危害加以识别。在危害辨识中应考虑整个经营过程和性质,对生产和服务区域可能产生危害的作业活动进行辨识,采用一定的评价方法进行评价。在评价过程中可结合企业易发生的车辆、仓库等一些惯性事故来评定中高度风险,并相应制定管理方案进行危险源的消减和控制。同时应随工作环境的改变而及时进行补充辨识和评价。
五、合理定位内审员的作用
内审员通常是贯彻标准的第一批人员,是建立、实施、保持、提高管理体系运行效果的骨干力量,对体系运行起监督作用,对管理体系的保持和改进起参谋作用;在第二、三方审核中起内外接口作用;在推行标准、建立管理体系过程中起桥梁和纽带作用;在体系的实施中起带头作用。但有的企业内部各管理部门和基层单位,总是依靠内审员完成所有与体系有关的各项工作。从职工培训、记录的整理、信息的沟通、内外部审核的准备到单位自检、文件的评审和管理、管理评审材料的准备等,都由内审员包办代替,这为今后体系的正常运行埋下了隐患,是体系运行的天敌。
六、加强内审员队伍建设
目前,基层的安全员也就是职业健康安全管理体系的内审员,他们是基层安全管理的骨干力量,是管理层与各职能部门的接口,在日常工作中承担着体系运行的监督和管理、改进、沟通和协调等作用,要求内审员要有丰富的专业知识、严谨的工作作风、过硬的管理技能、强烈的责任心和良好的沟通协调能力等素质。因此,一是应按照客户经理上岗要求为安全员上岗设定一定素质和能力条件并严格执行到位。二是进一步加大对内审员的培训力度,提升其业务技能和综合素质。三是内审员岗位属于技术和管理统一的岗位,要稳定素质较高的内审员队伍,对内审员按照体系要求原则上三年不得随便调整其岗位。
七、基层应进一步明确各下设部门在体系运行中的职能职责。
基层往往将日常工作全部推给内审员,让内审员一人负责体系运行全过程、全方位控制,导致安全管理交叉、重复和推诿,内审员有压力较大、无从下手、消极厌战等负面情绪,更致使部分内审员失去工作的热情和动力,不愿再从事安全管理工作,这为体系的正常运行埋下了隐患,更失去体系的层层控制、细节管理、持续改进的运行要求。
八、重点注意防范体系运行和事实安全管理“两张皮”现象。
所谓“两张皮”,是指虽然建立了新的管理体系,但日常管理却依然照旧,不按新建立的体系运行。这是体系建立初期,最容易出现、也最突出的问题,其后果将造成安全管理的混乱和倒退,如果不认真及时地加以解决,实施职业健康安全管理体系,进行标准化安全管理就是一句空话。个人认为,要克服“两张皮”现象,一是要解决思想认识不到位的问题。不要把建立体系误当成过去那些形式上的“达标”、“评比”、“验收”,搞时一阵风,搞完一场空,认为建立新体系单纯只是为了应付认证审核,得一块牌子;或者受原有安全管理的惯性影响,嫌新体系凡事讲程序,太麻烦,不如原来自由方便,因而出现你说你的,我做我的。二是要落实机构和人员,明确管理职能和岗位职责,为体系的运行提供了组织保证。三是制定的各种体系文件要具有较强的操作性。文件要切合本部门实际,繁简适当。既不要太空泛抽象,过于简单,难以操作;也不要太烦琐复杂,平添大量无谓工作,使人生厌,不愿操作。四是狠抓落实,就是将职业健康安全的各项工作落到实处,忌做表面文章,忌浮夸,忌假大空。要制定体系运行绩效考核办法,严格考评,强行推进,这样才能使体系建设更具严肃性、可执行性和有效性。
职业健康安全管理体系是促进企业自主管理、全面负责,自我约束、自我发展,建立分级管理、分线负责,纵横协调、岗位自律,持续改进的长效机制。“千里之行,始于足下”,对于企业安全管理来说,取得认证证书只是万里长征的第一步,只有始终运用现代安全管理方法,有效控制一般事故,杜绝重、特大安全事故,切实保护员工的安全与健康,实现企业在现代安全管理体系平台上进行监督、检查、考核的目的,方能保障企业持续、稳定、协调、健康发展。
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