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{铜对人体健康的影响与危害}

铜是人体必需的元素,广泛分布在人体的脏器组织,人1d摄取的铜量多数在2-4μg范围内,主要从食物中摄取,从饮水和空气中摄取的铜量一天仅为3μg。经口服摄取的铜被消化器官吸收比较,大约为30%,每天有0.6-1.2㎎被吸收,0.5-0.9㎎从胆汁中排泄,0.1-0.3㎎通过直肠排出,0.01-0.06㎎经肾从尿中排泄,吸入含铜粉尘,逐渐由肺吸收,一部分存在于肺组织内,皮肤吸收铜是很少的。

血中铜存在于血清和血红细胞中,铜先与血清蛋白松散结合,由于易透过细胞膜,可与组织交换。此外,铜在肝内与α2球蛋白牢固结合成铜盐蛋白,铜盐蛋白约占成人血浆铜的95%,人体中含铜总量大约100㎎,体内平均浓度1.4ppm。肝、脑、肾含铜量较高,约有10%的铜分布在肝脏,8%分布在脑中,肌肉含铜量占体内含铜总量的35%。在肝细胞内,65%的铜存在于可溶性部分,8%存在于线粒体。体内有些产生能量、形成结缔组织的酶也含有铜,人体铜浓度,一般新生体比成人体要高得多,例如婴儿(1-7周)肝中铜浓度达230ppm,而成人只有35ppm,两者差别很大,我国儿童头发的铜浓度为6.5-9.0ppm,血液中的铜浓度,男子为1.06±0.05ppm,女子1.14±0.05ppm,但发现在妊娠时,铜浓度要比平时高2-3倍。此外,母乳中的铜浓度在开始哺乳的最初几周内为0.62-0.89ppm,经几个月后,降为0.15-0.17ppm。

铜是血、肝、脑等铜蛋白的组成部分,有30种以上的蛋白和酶中含有铜,铜是几种胺氧化酶的必需成分,缺铜动物实验表明,缺铜会引起胺氧化酶活性降低。缺铜动物中出现血管弹性硬蛋白、结缔组织和骨骼胶元蛋白的合成障碍,就是由于组织中胺氧化酶活动下降的结果。铜还参与细胞色素酶中铁的吸收和转移,在缺铜实验的动物中,肝脏、肌肉和神经组织的细胞色素氧化酶活性显著减弱,显示出铁蛋白中的铁利用受阻,以致引起贫血病,影响糖的代谢和减少机体内高能化合物—ATP的数量,使动物消瘦,铜也是赖氨酸氧化酶的成分之一,缺铜会引起心肌变脆、主动脉破裂,缺铜还引起骨质疏松、毛发脱落、生长缓慢、脑水肿和皮质坏死等。

人体缺铜会引起铜不足血症,婴儿因缺铜也会得营养病。主要临床表现是贫血,缺铜时,降低了铜对合成血红蛋白的催化作用。在婴儿中铜缺乏出现的症状是贫血、腹泻等,呈现中度或重度的脆色苍白、眼眶周围或胫骨前水肿、慢性或反复性的腹泻、骨质疏松、毛发角化障碍和出现卷曲,血液中铜和铁浓度降低,神经组织中几乎没有含铜的酶和细胞色素C的氧化酶,但是,人因食物中铜不足而引起营养不良的病例很少发现。

铜盐的毒性以醋酸铜、硫酸铜毒性较大,特别是硫酸铜,经口服即使微量往往也引起急性中毒,大量食入可发生肝小叶中心区坏死。对于人体,即使内服硫酸铜0.1-0.15g,也导致胃、肠等消化系统的各种症状。如果内服0.1-1.0g,便引起严重腹痛、呕吐、下痢、血尿、意识不清等症状,甚至有死亡的可能性,有时还并发黄疸,当其他症状消失后,肝症状往往残留。

人体铜过量,肝内含铜时会增加数倍,超过忍受限度时,红细胞不能摄取全部铜,铜突然释放到血清内,结果发生溶血,铜引起溶血有多种原因。Cu2+与血红蛋白、红细胞以及其他细胞膜的SH基有亲合力,结果增加了红细胞的通透性而发生溶血,此外,铜抑制谷胱甘肽还原酶,并使细胞内还原型谷胱甘肽减少,铜使血红蛋白变性,发生溶血性贫血。铜过量还表现为引起Wilson氏症,其主要症状是胆汁排泄铜的功能紊乱,造成组织中铜贮留,首先蓄积于肝脏内,引起肝脏损害,出现慢性、活动性肝炎症状。当铜沉积于脑部引起神经组织病变时,则出现小脑运动失常和帕金氏综合症。铜沉积在近侧肾小管,引起氨基酸尿、糖尿、蛋白尿和尿酸尿。

在作业现场,曾发生急性铜中毒,最明显的是黄铜热,这是由于吸入青铜和黄铜微细粉尘而引起的发热及其他并发症状的病态。在美国,曾有儿童吸入粉饰圣诞节贺片的青铜粉末,引起咳嗽、呕吐、恶寒、发绀、下痢,随后发生急性支气管炎及肺水肿,终至死亡,根据解剖所见,肾脏尿道毛细管发生坏疽。
自由空间 2011-5-28 22:16:00 | 阅读全文 | 回复(16) | 引用通告 | 编辑
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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txzdh(游客) 2017-2-19 22:27:43 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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nxnps(游客) 2016-10-22 23:35:50 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
ptyeh(游客)http://bbs.hsw.cn/apps.php?q=group&a=read&cyid=314&tid=14203614?ba=95547
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ptyeh(游客) 2016-10-22 3:29:33 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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ulopt(游客) 2016-10-22 3:01:24 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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xcgmp(游客) 2016-10-19 23:58:50 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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vqhlp(游客) 2016-10-18 2:06:12 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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fuycf(游客) 2016-10-17 2:41:31 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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mwmor(游客) 2016-10-15 23:09:30 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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sxcdh(游客) 2016-10-11 3:24:17 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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kpsyb(游客) 2016-10-11 3:23:27 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{原创}
原创(游客)http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c80c7ef http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7f5984 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c811486 http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c8218ae http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7f6061 http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7f62a9 http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7efed5 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c80f7c7 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c80c8c7 http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7ecc5b
原创(游客) 2016-9-30 11:25:30 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{原创}
原创(游客)http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6de4f1 http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6ddc39 http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c64fb32 http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c650ecc http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6dea2c http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6df534 http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c6518ec http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c64f0cd http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c64efd9 http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6ddb16
原创(游客) 2016-9-28 16:48:54 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
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原创(游客)http://rywwx.lofter.com/post/1e5a844e_c3cc448 http://rywwx.lofter.com/post/1e5a844e_c3cc447 http://rywwx.lofter.com/post/1e5a844e_c3cc446 http://rywwx.lofter.com/post/1e5a844e_c3cc445 http://rywwx.lofter.com/post/1e5a844e_c3cc444 http://rywwx.lofter.com/post/1e5a844e_c3cc443 http://rywwx.lofter.com/post/1e5a844e_c3cc442 http://rywwx.lofter.com/post/1e5a844e_c3cc441 http://rywwx.lofter.com/post/1e5a844e_c3cc440 http://rywwx.lofter.com/post/1e5a844e_c3cc43f
原创(游客) 2016-9-6 17:13:09 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
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