1、化学性因素
(1)生产性毒物
在生产过程中产生的,存在于工作环境空气中的化学物质称为生产性毒物。有的为原料,有的为中间产品,有的为产品。常见的有氯、氨等刺激性气体,一氧化碳、氰化氢等窒息性气体,铅、汞等金属类毒物,苯、二硫化碳等有机溶剂。
(2)生产性粉尘
在生产过程中产生的,较长时间悬浮在生产环境空气中的固体微粒,称为生产性粉尘。如矽尘、滑石尘、电焊烟尘、石墨尘、碳黑尘、石棉尘、聚氯乙烯粉尘、玻璃纤维尘,腈纶纤维尘等。
2、物理性因素
(1)异常气象条件
高温,如热油泵房、催化剂生产的焙烧岗位、加氢催化剂反应器内操作、夏天进人油罐车或油槽车内作业等;
低温,如石蜡成型、冷库作业等。
(2)噪声
来自机械力(固体或液体表面的振动),气体湍流,电动力及磁动力等。如催化“三机”室、加热炉、高压蒸汽放空、泵、球磨机、粉碎机、机械传送带、电气设备等。
(3)振动
来自循环压缩机转动,使用风动工具等。如锻锤、风锤;电锯、捣固机;磨削作业的砂轮机、铣床、镟床;交通运输工具,如汽车、摩托车、火车等。
(4)电离辐射
如工业探伤用的X射线,放射性同位素仪表,如料位计、测厚仪的伽马射线等。
(5)非电离辐射
如高频热处理时的高频电磁场;电焊、氩弧焊、等离子焊时产生的紫外线;加热金属、玻璃时产生的红外线;激光刻字、打孔等。
3、生物性因素
生物性有害因素指细菌、寄生虫或病毒所引起的与职业有关的某些疾病。如引起皮革工人、畜产品加工工人等职业性炭疽的炭疽杆菌,引起森林工作者的职业性森林脑炎的森林脑炎病毒等。
4、劳动过程中的有害因素
(1)劳动组织不合理
如劳动时间过长,特别多见于检修期间,有的一天工作10-12小时,连续10天、半个月、甚至更长时间,如果组织不当则不利于员工的健康。
(2)劳动精神过度紧张
多见于新工人或新装置投产试运行,或生产不正常时。如重油加氢,高压,硫化氢浓度大,易发生燃烧、爆炸和中毒,新工人紧张,老工人在试运行期间也十分紧张。
(3)劳动强度过大或安排不当
如超负荷的加班加点,还有检修时的工业探伤工作量往往过大。
(4)个别器官、系统过度疲劳
如光线不足使视力紧张,长时间处于不良体位或使用不合理的工具设备。
5、卫生条件和技术措施不良的有关因素
(1)生产场所设计不合理
如车间布置不当,有毒与无毒岗位设在同一工作间;厂房矮小、狭窄,设计时没考虑必要的卫生技术设施,如通风、换气或照明等。
(2)防护措施缺乏、不完善或效果不好
如一些包装车间或操作岗位,往往缺乏防尘、防毒、防噪声等措施,特别是聚丙烯粉料、硅酸铝催化剂等包装时粉尘飞扬。
(3)缺乏安全防护设备和必要的个人防护用品
如铆工与焊工在同一厂房作业,铆工有耳塞防噪声,但焊工却没有;焊工有防紫外线的面罩,保护眼睛,铆工却没有。
(4)自然环境因素
如炎热季节的太阳辐射,长时间头部受照而发生中暑。
(5)环境污染因素
如氯碱厂泄漏氯气,处于下风侧的无毒生产岗位的工人,吸入了氯气;化肥厂的氨气泄漏,同样,也可使处于下风侧的其他工种工人受害。
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