日本的住宅楼梯口均有消防栓,各层的公共空间都有报警器,房间屋顶上也都有火灾和煤气自动感应器。物业公司每年都要对这些消防设施进行检查,消防部门每隔几年都要组织居民进行一次消防演习。一旦发生火灾,居民至少可以从两个安全出口下楼逃生。如果被困家里,还可以通过阳台的逃生梯避险。逃生梯两户共用一架,火灾发生时,只要单手将其掀起,放下折叠梯就可以直接到楼下。因为不是每户都有逃生梯,在阳台与隔壁住户之间还有一种特殊材料做成的板子,上面写着“请不要在此板附近放置物品,万一发生火灾,请打破此板到邻居家避难”,方便人们到有逃生梯的邻居家逃生。
日本非常重视对孩子的危机与防范意识教育。这些教育内容生动丰富,以教会孩子们自救和逃生的本领。比如开展呼救比赛,在教室里摆放一个测噪声的分贝仪,大家分别在仪器前高喊“救命”,分贝值最高者获胜。又如学校定期组织学生到消防队参观写生,将消防队员灭火、救人表演的场景画下来,贴在消防队的大厅里,再评出优胜者,孩子们在展示画艺的同时也学到了防灾知识。再比如,组织孩子们登上模拟火场的防烟体验车,体验火场逃生自救的情形。还组织攀绳跨越演练,让孩子们学会如何在两幢建筑之间逃生。同时还告诉孩子们在逃生时莫忘同伴,但也不要贸然参加救火行动,充当英雄。
日本人认为,平时的防火检查和训练是灭火准备的一部分,唯有做好充分准备,才能有效应对。由于长期坚持不懈加强消防意识培养,进行防火演练,当火灾发生时,才能以最快速度逃生,因此伤亡率很低。我们应以东瀛经验为鉴,让“安全之花”常开不败。
天干物燥的冬季是火灾高发期。不久前发生的上海高层住宅火灾事故,给国人敲响了警钟。如何防灾减灾,不妨将目光转向近邻日本,其有益的做法给我们以启示。
日本有一个法定纪念日叫“危险物品防火纪念日”,是为纪念1964年7月14日东京川宝组化工公司胜岛仓库发生爆炸火灾而设置的。在那次火灾中,有19名消防队员以身殉职,还有35名消防队员受伤。为记取教训,政府将这一天定为纪念日,悼念逝者,警示后人,以防悲剧重演。
日本的住宅楼梯口均有消防栓,各层的公共空间都有报警器,房间屋顶上也都有火灾和煤气自动感应器。物业公司每年都要对这些消防设施进行检查,消防部门每隔几年都要组织居民进行一次消防演习。一旦发生火灾,居民至少可以从两个安全出口下楼逃生。如果被困家里,还可以通过阳台的逃生梯避险。逃生梯两户共用一架,火灾发生时,只要单手将其掀起,放下折叠梯就可以直接到楼下。因为不是每户都有逃生梯,在阳台与隔壁住户之间还有一种特殊材料做成的板子,上面写着“请不要在此板附近放置物品,万一发生火灾,请打破此板到邻居家避难”,方便人们到有逃生梯的邻居家逃生。
日本非常重视对孩子的危机与防范意识教育。这些教育内容生动丰富,以教会孩子们自救和逃生的本领。比如开展呼救比赛,在教室里摆放一个测噪声的分贝仪,大家分别在仪器前高喊“救命”,分贝值最高者获胜。又如学校定期组织学生到消防队参观写生,将消防队员灭火、救人表演的场景画下来,贴在消防队的大厅里,再评出优胜者,孩子们在展示画艺的同时也学到了防灾知识。再比如,组织孩子们登上模拟火场的防烟体验车,体验火场逃生自救的情形。还组织攀绳跨越演练,让孩子们学会如何在两幢建筑之间逃生。同时还告诉孩子们在逃生时莫忘同伴,但也不要贸然参加救火行动,充当英雄。
日本人认为,平时的防火检查和训练是灭火准备的一部分,唯有做好充分准备,才能有效应对。由于长期坚持不懈加强消防意识培养,进行防火演练,当火灾发生时,才能以最快速度逃生,因此伤亡率很低。我们应以东瀛经验为鉴,让“安全之花”常开不败。
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