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有媒体报道称,中国1/3以上的城市均深陷垃圾围城困局。另有数据指出,现在中国除县城之外的668个城市中,有2/3的城市处于垃圾包围之中,1/4已经无垃圾填埋堆放场地。全国城市垃圾堆存累计侵占土地超过5亿平方米,每年的经济损失高达300亿元。
与此相对应的,是仅为50%左右的城市垃圾处理率。一些早早兴建的垃圾处理设施,在城市的快速膨胀中,也迅速陷入超负荷运转的窘境。如承担广州市9成垃圾填埋量的兴丰垃圾填埋场,由于垃圾增幅过快,将于2012年被填满,而北京市的所有垃圾填埋场也将在5年内饱和。
如今,面对如何拆除围城垃圾这枚巨型“炸弹”的问题,许多城市的答案又从填埋变成了焚烧。
2000年以来,国家陆续发布了一系列鼓励垃圾焚烧产业发展的政策,目前我国共有62个垃圾焚烧厂。放眼全国,已经拥有焚烧炉的城市包括哈尔滨、大连、天津、北京、上海、深圳、宁波、温州、武汉、重庆、广州、太原……这个名单还在不断增加中。
垃圾焚烧是确实曾在欧美国家盛行过,二恶英污染风险和投资运行成本过高这两大弊端,使得垃圾焚烧在经历了上个世纪 80年代的高潮之后,目前在国外已经成为了一种“夕阳产业”。
他们目前都处于关闭垃圾焚烧发电的潮流之中。德国、荷兰、比利时、意大利等都早已相继颁布了“焚化炉禁建令”或部分禁建令。日本高峰期建设有 6000多座垃圾焚烧设施,但到目前仅存 1280座。即使是经济不是很发达的菲律宾,也颁布了垃圾焚烧设施建设的禁令。
处理垃圾的有效做法其实早已存在:通过提倡循环再用和减少包装来减少生活垃圾的产量。即使没有得到循环利用,仅仅是有效地对垃圾进行分类,都能使焚化炉的排放更容易达到标准。因为焚烧单一成分时,温度可以被更精确地控制。
这也是垃圾管理一直遵循的优先次序原则:reduce(减量)、reuse(再利用)、recycle(再循环)。首要的一个是在源头减量,实行垃圾分类。
其实,在50多年前,中国有一些城市早已是世界上垃圾分类最先进的城市,那时几乎所有的大街小巷都布满了“废品回收站”,可惜,这套废品回收体系在80年代末慢慢萎缩。
这种萎缩换来的是民间自发武装消灭垃圾的战斗力的迅猛增长。上世纪80年代末,来自四川、河南、安徽一带的农民,把“从垃圾堆里掘金”的事业做得无比热络。
据不完全统计,目前广州有拾荒大军10万人,废品收购站及临时性收购点约5000个,其中有登记注册的约2100个。只可惜,他们一直被垃圾管理者视为竞争对手,被城市管理者视为“小商小贩”,不是遭受盘剥,就是遭受打压,因此,对抗垃圾能力最强大的民间武装,一直得不到建立集团军的机会。
到目前为止,中国城市垃圾处理的企业由政府管理,政府仍是城市垃圾处理惟一的管理主体,也是主要的投资主体和运营主体,这阻碍了市场化的发展。
来自政府的大量补贴,是垃圾产业在中国被称为“朝阳”产业的重要原因,但是许多企业受利益诱惑,产生了不少问题。
中国大城市的垃圾桶采取“大类模糊”的设置方法就是很好的例证。西方国家一般对垃圾桶进行详细分类,便于民众进行垃圾投放。但是中国不同。
对垃圾回收企业来说,如果标准越具体,老百姓做得越好,进入回收体系的垃圾越多,他们能够获得的补贴就越少。这事实上是过去数年里垃圾分类推广不理想的根本原因。
补贴政策催生了虚报。北京一家垃圾填埋场采取垃圾清运车重复称量的方法,使其上报的日接受垃圾量比实际数字多50%,这五成“莫须有”的垃圾当然可以从政府获得相应补贴。
补贴政策的另外一个问题是,焚烧厂可以发电,而且进入电网后,政府也会提供补贴,这成为许多企业大力鼓吹焚烧项目的重要缘由。由于达不到发电要求,为追求更大的发电能力和从国家电价补贴中获取更大利益,焚烧厂在运行中大量掺煤,几乎成为“享受国家补贴的混合垃圾小火电厂”,不仅消耗能源,还产生了污染。
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http://www.wodai.com/wenda/q-1080203.html
http://qqgame.gamebbs.qq.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=58754321
http://www.esafety.cn/blog/wll/79478/archives/2011/108596.html
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http://bbs.tga.plu.cn/thread-3493501-1-1.html
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http://www.lyjjzd.com/e/space/?userid=2556720&servlet/proxy/20161009/thread-2556720-1-1.html
http://www.pinterest.com/waeimquyc/%E6%9D%8F%E5%BD%A9%E5%BC%80%E6%88%B7%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%2B952499q/
http://qqgame.gamebbs.qq.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=58754389
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