施工现场离不开用电,工程设备、施工机具、现场照明、电气安装等,都需要电能的支持。随着建设工程项目的科技含量和智能化的加强,施工机械化和自动化程度的不断提高,用电场所更加广泛,可以说没有电力就没有现代化的施工,没有电力就没有施工水平的进步。但是,同任何事物都具有两重性一样,电能在给人类带来方便的同时,也有很强的破坏力。施工现场由于用电设备种类多、电容量大、工作环境不固定、露天作业、临时使用的特点,在电气线路的敷设、电器元件、电缆的选配及电路的设置等方面容易存在短期行为,容易引发触电伤亡事故,被建设部
列为建筑施工企业四大伤害之一。因此,加强临时用电管理,按照规范用电,是保证施工安全的一个重要方面。施工现场临时用电系统,可以归纳为“12345”来理解和操作。
一、“1”是施工现场的一条电路
施工现场临时用电必须统一进行组织设计,有统一的临时用电施工方案,一个取电来源,一个临时用电施工、安装、维修、管理队伍。严禁私拉乱接线路,多头取电;严禁施工机械设备和照明各自独立取自不同的用电来源。
项目经理作为施工现场安全生产的第一责任人,要配备和使用经过安全用电基本知识培训,了解所用设备性能,具有上岗资格的电气技术人员,要建立完整的临时用电安全技术资料,建立定期检查制度,做好电气设备日常维护、电阻测试、电工维修记录。临时用电工程施工完毕,必须做全面的检查验收。
施工现场经常出现的主要问题是,没有临时用电施工组织设计,或虽然有临时用电施工组织设计但编制手续不全,内容空洞,照抄照搬规范不能指导施工,与现场实际脱节,没有用电维修、检查制度,用电检测资料凭空填写,电工缺乏配电知识等。
二、“2”是临时用电两级保护
《施工现场临时用电安全技术规范》要求,施工现场所有用电设备,除作保护接零外,必须在设备负荷线的首端处设置漏电保护装置。同时规定,开关箱中必须装设漏电保护器。就是说,临时用电应在总配电箱和开关箱中分别设置漏电保护器,形成用电线路的两级保护。漏电保护器要装设在配电箱电源隔离开关的负荷侧和开关箱电源隔离开关的负荷侧。总配电箱的保护区域较大,停电后的影响范围也大,主要是提供间接保护和防止漏电火灾,其漏电动作电流和动作要大于后面的保护。因此,总配电箱和开关箱中两级漏电保护器的额定电流动作和额定漏电动作时间应作合理配合,使之具有分级分段保护的功能。开关箱内的漏电保护器动作电流应不大于30mA,额定漏电动作时间应不小于0.1S。对搁置已久重新使用和连续使用一个月的漏电保护器,应认真检查其特性,发现问题及时修理或更换。
在实际工作当中,发现有的施工现场漏电保护器配置不合理,末级电箱漏电保护器电流过大,发生漏电后直接引起总箱漏电保护器动作,没有形成分级配置。施工企业发现问题不是检查、测试漏电保护器的规格和性能,查找漏电原因,及时排除故障,而是单纯增加漏电保护器的数量,加大了用电成本留存了事故隐患。
三、“3”是三级配电
配电系统应设置总配电箱、分配电箱和开关箱。按照总配电箱——分配电箱——开关箱的送电顺序,形成完整的三级用(配)电系统。这样配电层次清楚,便于管理和查找故障。总配电箱要设在靠近电源的地区。分配电箱应装设在用电设备或负荷相对集中的地区。动力配电箱和照明配电箱通常应分别设置。配电箱、开关箱应装设在干燥、通风及常温的场所,要远离易受外来固体物撞击、强烈震动的场所,或者做环境防护。分配电箱与开关箱的距离不得大于30m。开关箱与其控制的固定式用电设备的水平距离应不超过3m。配电箱和开关箱周围要有方便两人同时工作的空间和通道。不能够因为堆放物品和杂物,或者有杂草、环境不平整妨碍操作和维修。电箱还要有门、有锁、有防雨、防尘措施。
配电箱和开关箱必须用铁板或者优质绝缘材料制作,并且装设端正、牢固,下底与地面的垂直距离要>1.3m<1.5m;移动式分配电箱和开关箱应装设在坚固的支架上,下底与地面的垂直距离要>0.6m<1.5m。
在施工现场,经常发现用电系统没有经过严密的设计,配电箱与开关箱距离过远,电箱四周物品杂乱,地面高低不平,通行道路积水、泥泞,钢筋、木材、钢管等建筑材料随意堆放,操作人员无法顺利接近电箱。更有的企业,为了防止因为施工环境小造成碰撞电箱的触电事故的发生,就在电箱四周焊制钢筋防护网,出发点是好的,但人员进入狭窄的防护网内操作非常不方便,发生触电事故不能及时、便捷的拉闸断电,严重违反了用电安全技术规范。
四、“4”是电器装置的四个装设原则
每台用电设备必须设置各自专用的开关箱,开关箱内要设置专用的隔离开关和漏电保护器。不得同一个开关箱、同一个开关电器直接控制两台以上用电设备。开关箱内必须装设漏电保护器。这就是规范要求中“一机、一箱、一闸、一漏”的四个装设原则。开关电器必须能在任何情况下都可以使用电设备实行电源隔离,其额定值要与控制用电的额定值相适应。开关箱内不得放置任何杂物,不得挂接其它临时用电设备,进线口和出线口必须设在箱体的下底部,严禁设在箱体的上顶面、侧面、后面或箱门处。移动式电箱的进、出线必须采用橡皮绝缘电缆。施工现场停止作业一小时以上时,要将开关箱断电上锁。
2004年6月19日14点40分左右,某市建筑安装工程有限公司承建的住宅楼工地,在进行填充墙砌筑作业时,因搅拌机电机漏电,电工将电源线拆除。一壮工擅自操作,私自将电源线接在开关箱刀闸上,起动了搅拌机,上料时该壮工抓握手柄的瞬间被击倒在地,经抢救无效死亡。就是一起典型的不装漏电保护器,电箱未及时上锁,日常维修不及时,安全检查不到位,安全教育培训、安全常识缺乏,工人严重违章操作的触电事故。
五、“5”是五芯电缆
施工现场专用的中性点直接接地的电力系统中,必须实行TN-S三项五线制供电系统。电缆的型号和规格要采用五芯电缆。为了正确区分电缆导线中的相线、相序、零线、保护零线,防止发生误操作事故,导线的颜色要使用不同的安全色。L1(A)、L2(B)、L3(C)相序的颜色分别为黄、绿、红色;工作零线N为淡蓝色;保护零线PE为绿/黄双色线,在任何情况下都不准使用绿/黄双色线做负荷线。
总之,施工现场临时用电,要严格按照规范要求,采用TN-S三项五线制系统,实行三级配电两级保护,做到“一机、一闸、一漏、一箱”,消除事故隐患,切实保证施工安全。
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