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{美国高楼怎样防火}

   美国年均发生高层建筑火灾7000多起,平均每天近20起,但美国城市高层建筑一流的消防管理水平大大减少了损失。

   由于高层建筑火灾隐患多,发生火灾时,火势蔓延迅速,人员疏散困难,扑救难度大,国内外对高层建筑的消防设计和安全管理有严格规定。

法律监管高层建筑防火设计

在各国高层建筑防火的立法方面,无论是法规的数量还是完善程度,高层建筑数量最多的美国都走在世界前列。美国高层建筑防火法规的权威性,建立在大量研究的基础上。早在上世纪70年代,在美国国家科学基金资助下,哈佛大学现代火灾科学研究之父霍华德·艾蒙斯教授,经过大量实验,建立了被广泛认可的哈佛火灾模型。在这种模型的基础上,美国高层建筑防火法规更加完善,成为许多国家的样板。

我国现行的高层建筑防火法规是1995年颁行的《高层民用建筑防火规范》(GB50045—95),该规范的条文严谨细致,在耐火等级、平面布置、安全疏散、消防给水、防(排)烟和电气等方面都有严格要求。但在实际执行过程中,要兼顾防火安全性和投资合理性,高层建筑的防火设计有时达不到法规要求,这就留下了安全隐患。近年来,建筑工地火灾频发,这与大量保温防水易燃材料的堆积和暴露在外有关,同时也由于高楼自身消防设施还没有完工。有专家称,有必要通过尽快制订、修订有关建筑工地的防火管理规范,填补在建建筑防火薄弱的空白,从根本上减少建筑工地火灾多发现象。

防火设计是保护伞

针对高层建筑发生火灾的特点,国内外在防火设计上达成了共识。一般说来,要做好以下4方面的防火设计。

第一,保证主体结构有足够的耐火稳定性。目前国内外高楼多依赖钢结构,虽然它的整体性和稳定性都很好,但耐火性能很差。钢材的抗拉和承重等性能均会因温度的升高而急剧下降,通常在摄氏450~650度就会失去承载能力,发生变形,钢柱、钢梁弯曲,不能继续使用。一般情况下,不加保护的钢结构耐火极限只有15分钟。“9·11”事件中美国纽约世贸中心的倒塌,就是因钢结构遭大火高温炙烤,上部结构不稳定向下塌落,结果一塌到底。人们在实践中广泛应用的钢结构保护方法,如用耐火材料包覆,喷涂石棉或防火材料等,已被证明在应对大火时效果不佳,建筑界和消防界在解决这个问题方面仍任重道远。

第二,强化自救措施。高层建筑不同于一般的低矮建筑,火灾发生时,高层建筑主要依靠自身的消防措施来保障安全。消防部门云梯车所能达到的高度一般不超过100米,如果几百米高的高楼出现火灾,很难靠外部力量救援。目前,高层建筑的自救措施主要分为主动性和被动性两大类。主动性措施指直接限制火灾发生和发展的技术,如火灾探测报警技术、喷水灭火等灭火技术、烟气控制技术等;被动性措施指提高或增强建筑构件或材料承受火灾破坏能力的技术,如提高建筑构件耐火性能的技术等。这些完善的自救措施,比大量消防队员更能应付突发火灾。

第三,做好防火分隔。由于建筑使用功能、规模形状不同,地理位置及室内火灾荷载、装饰和陈设等不同,建筑防火规范不可能把各式各样的高层建筑防火都详细地规定下来。这就要求设计人员针对所设计建筑物的具体条件,灵活运用,加强防火隔断,增加灭火手段,加强防排烟措施,采用不同的解决办法,达到防火目的。

从国内外火灾现场统计来看,近六成火灾死亡是烟熏致死,或者被烟熏晕后烧死的。科学的防火分隔设计可以有效地解决这方面的问题。例如,一旦发生火灾,楼梯间、消防电梯间如果能保持较高的气压,逃生者开门进入后,风就会从里面往外吹,将烟雾拒之门外。

第四,室内装修选用阻燃材料。在建筑中消除火源是不可能的,但是采用阻燃装饰是可能的,避免和减少火灾伤亡以及财产损失的重要措施。

严格消防管理不可缺少

如果说高层建筑防火设计侧重从硬件方面应对火灾隐患,那么,严格的消防管理则是从软件方面减少火灾造成的损失。遗憾的是,高楼盖成后,人们往往忽视这种管理工作的作用。

美国年均发生高层建筑火灾7000多起,平均每天近20起,但美国城市高层建筑一流的消防管理水平大大减少了损失。“9·11”后,美国高层建筑的消防安全意识进一步强化,管理工作细化到对室内烟灰垃圾桶的设计,同时要求物业管理人员在清理烟灰垃圾桶之前要确保桶内绝无火种。

另外,美国还全面动员社会各界的力量,如让城市居民组成义务消防队等。现在,纽约等大城市均设立了自动消防安全电子访问台,通过电话、电脑、移动电话等与城市高层建筑义务消防队保持联系。一旦发生险情,由城市居民组成的、经过专业训练的义务消防队可以在几分钟内被召集起来,配合消防员进行灭火和救援。

(本文来源:网易探索 ) 郗望

自由空间 2010-11-16 2:18:00 | 阅读全文 | 回复(27) | 引用通告 | 编辑
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
vtlnr(游客)http://www.esafety.cn/blog/wll/85686/archives/2010/105125.html
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vtlnr(游客) 2017-3-4 14:19:32 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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gkosw(游客) 2017-2-20 17:13:47 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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feuwa(游客) 2017-2-19 23:56:49 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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eimqu(游客) 2017-2-19 23:05:09 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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uskmq(游客) 2017-2-19 0:23:23 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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cgkos(游客) 2017-2-18 14:59:42 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
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zdglo(游客) 2016-10-23 12:57:12 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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dfkpr(游客) 2016-10-21 23:49:51 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
wvlnr(游客)http://www.anqiu123.com/store-1787/document-id-338353.html
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wvlnr(游客) 2016-10-21 13:12:27 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
urimq(游客)http://www.jxedt.com/wen/quzheng/3171779621863227446.html
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urimq(游客) 2016-10-21 0:02:27 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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qaqsv(游客) 2016-10-18 2:28:55 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
tcsux(游客)http://www.esafety.cn/blog/wll/85686/archives/2011/111402.html
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tcsux(游客) 2016-10-17 12:27:02 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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srhjn(游客) 2016-10-17 3:05:22 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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lbdhk(游客) 2016-10-15 21:08:15 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
trhlq(游客)http://www.jxedt.com/wen/qita/3170754196069613650.html
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trhlq(游客) 2016-10-15 10:11:39 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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afkmq(游客) 2016-10-14 14:36:10 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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bjadf(游客) 2016-10-11 17:47:45 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{原创}
原创(游客)http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c8243f5 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c812f16 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c80ce12 http://rywydx.lofter.com/post/1e6a68e3_c80ca39 http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7eef9e http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7f00f0 http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7ed900 http://rywywj.lofter.com/post/1e6a80c3_c8240aa http://rywkdks.lofter.com/post/1e698063_c7eb448 http://njryw168.lofter.com/post/1e6983e5_c7ee8d1
原创(游客) 2016-9-30 14:50:50 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{原创}
原创(游客)http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6ee038 http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c651a12 http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6ee8a8 http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c7117d7 http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6f0c6b http://wztgywj.lofter.com/post/1e65f473_c6ed343 http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c710a15 http://ywjseo.lofter.com/post/1e634752_c64f9d9 http://bjseoywj.lofter.com/post/1e66bf3e_c70762a http://seogsywj.lofter.com/post/1e634756_c6df27d
原创(游客) 2016-9-28 20:10:24 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章}
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ihwad(游客) 2016-9-13 12:47:38 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
{原创}
原创(游客)http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385a59 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385a58 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385a57 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385a56 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385a55 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385a54 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385a53 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385a52 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385a51 http://njryw2016.lofter.com/post/1e59a72f_c385a50
原创(游客) 2016-9-6 20:33:39 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复
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