由于工厂设备损坏或操作失误引起泄漏,大量易燃、易爆、有毒有害物质的释放,将会导致火灾、爆炸、中毒等重大事故发生。
一、泄漏情况分析
1、泄漏的主要设备
根据各种设备泄漏情况分析,可将工厂(特别是化工厂)中易发生泄漏的设备归纳为以下10类:管道、挠性连接器、过滤器、阀门、压力容器或反应器、泵、压缩机、储罐、加压或冷冻气体容器及火炬燃烧装置或放散管等。
(1)管道。它包括管道、法兰和接头,其典型泄漏情况和裂口尺寸分别取管径的20%~100%、20%和20%~100%。
(2)挠性连接器。它包括软管、波纹管和铰接器,其典型泄漏情况和裂口尺寸为:
①连接器本体破裂泄漏,裂口尺寸取管径的20%~100%;
②接头处的泄漏,裂口尺寸取管径的20%;
③连接装置损坏泄漏,裂口尺寸取管径的100%。
(3)过滤器。它由过滤器本体、管道、滤网等组成,其典型泄漏情况和裂口尺寸分别取管径的20%~100%和20%。
(4)阀。其典型泄漏情况和裂口尺寸为:
①阀壳体泄漏,裂口尺寸取管径的20%~100%;
②阀盖泄漏,裂口尺寸取管径的20%;
③阀杆损坏泄漏,裂口尺寸取管径的20%。
(5)压力容器、反应器。包括化工生产中常用的分离器、气体洗涤器、反应釜、热交换器、各种罐和容器等。常见的此类泄漏情况和裂口尺寸为:
①容器破裂而泄漏,裂口尺寸取容器本身尺寸;
②容器本体泄漏,裂口尺寸取与其连接的粗管道管径的100%;
③孔盖泄漏,裂口尺寸取管径的20%;
④喷嘴断裂而泄漏,裂口尺寸取管径的100%;
⑤仪表管路破裂泄漏,裂口尺寸取管径的20%~100%;
⑥容器内部爆炸,全部破裂。
(6)泵。其典型泄漏情况和裂口尺寸为:
①泵体损坏泄漏,裂口尺寸取与其连接管径的20%~100%;
②密封压盖处泄漏,裂口尺寸取管径的20%。
(7)压缩机。包括离心式、轴流式和往复式压缩机,其典型泄漏情况和裂口尺寸为:
①压缩机机壳损坏而泄漏,裂口尺寸取与其连接管道管径的20%~100%;
②压缩机密封套泄漏,裂口尺寸取管径的20%。
(8)储罐。露天储存危险物质的容器或压力容器,也包括与其连接的管道和辅助设备,其典型泄漏情况和裂口尺寸为:
①罐体损坏而泄漏,裂口尺寸为本体尺寸;
②接头泄漏,裂口尺寸为与其连接管道管径的20%~100%;
③辅助设备泄漏,酌情确定裂口尺寸。
(9)加压或冷冻气体容器。包括露天或埋地放置的储存器、压力容器或运输槽车等,其典型泄漏情况和裂口尺寸为:
①露天容器内部气体爆炸使容器完全破裂,裂口尺寸取本体尺寸;
②容器破裂而泄漏,裂口尺寸取本体尺寸;
③焊接点(接管)断裂泄漏,取管径的20%一100%。
(10)火炬燃烧器或放散管。它们包括燃烧装置、放散管、多通接头、气体洗涤器和分离罐等,泄漏主要发生在筒体和多通接头部位。裂口尺寸取管径的20%~100%。
2、造成泄漏的原因
从人一机系统来考虑造成各种泄漏事故的原因主要有4类。
(1)设计失误。
①基础设计错误,如地基下沉,造成容器底部产生裂缝,或设备变形、错位等;
②选材不当,如强度不够,耐腐蚀性差、规格不符等;
③布置不合理,如压缩机和输出管没有弹性连接,因振动而使管道破裂;
④选用机械不合适,如转速过高、耐温、耐压性能差等;
⑤选用计测仪器不合适;
⑥储罐、贮槽未加液位计,反应器(炉)未加溢流管或放散管等。
(2)设备原因。
①加工不符合要求,或未经检验擅自采用代用材料;
②加工质量差,特别是不具有操作证的焊工焊接质量差;
③施工和安装精度不高,如泵和电机不同轴、机械设备不平衡、管道连接不严密等;
④选用的标准定型产品质量不合格;
⑤对安装的设备没有按《机械设备安装工程及验收规范》进行验收;
⑥设备长期使用后未按规定检修期进行检修,或检修质量差造成泄漏;
⑦计测仪表未定期校验,造成计量不准;
⑧阀门损坏或开关泄漏,又未及时更换;
⑨设备附件质量差,或长期使用后材料变质、腐蚀或破裂等。
(3)管理原因。
①没有制定完善的安全操作规程;
②对安全漠不关心,已发现的问题不及时解决;
③没有严格执行监督检查制度;
④指挥错误,甚至违章指挥;
⑤让未经培训的工人上岗,知识不足,不能判断错误;
⑥检修制度不严,没有及时检修已出现故障的设备,使设备带病运转。
(4)人为失误。
①误操作,违反操作规程;
②判断错误,如记错阀门位置而开错阀门;
③擅自脱岗;
④思想不集中;
⑤发现异常现象不知如何处理。
3、泄漏后果
泄漏一旦出现,其后果不单与物质的数量、易燃性、毒性有关,而且与泄漏物质的相态、压力、温度等状态有关。这些状态可有多种不同的结合,在后果分析中,常见的可能结合有4种:
·常压液体;
·加压液化气体;
·低温液化气体;
·加压气体。
泄漏物质的物性不同,其泄漏后果也不同。
(1)可燃气体泄漏。可燃气体泄漏后与空气混合达到燃烧极限时,遇到引火源就会发生燃烧或爆炸。泄漏后起火的时间不同,泄漏后果也不相同。
①立即起火。可燃气体从容器中往外泄出时即被点燃,发生扩散燃烧,产生喷射性火焰或形成火球,它能迅速地危及泄漏现场,但很少会影响到厂区的外部。
②滞后起火。可燃气体泄出后与空气混合形成可燃蒸气云团,并随风飘移,遇火源发生爆炸或爆轰,能引起较大范围的破坏。
(2)有毒气体泄漏。有毒气体泄漏后形成云团在空气中扩散,有毒气体的浓密云团将笼罩很大的空间,影响范围大。
(3)液体泄漏。一般情况下,泄漏的液体在空气中蒸发而生成气体,泄漏后果与液体的性质和贮存条件(温度、压力)有关。
①常温常压下液体泄漏。这种液体泄漏后聚集在防液堤内或地势低洼处形成液池,液体由于池表面风的对流而缓慢蒸发,若遇引火源就会发生池火灾。
②加压液化气体泄漏。一些液体泄漏时将瞬时蒸发,剩下的液体将形成一个液池,吸收周围的热量继续蒸发。液体瞬时蒸发的比例决定于物质的性质及环境温度。有些泄漏物可能在泄漏过程中全部蒸发。
③低温液体泄漏。这种液体泄漏时将形成液池,吸收周围热量蒸发,蒸发量低于加压液化气体的泄漏量,高于常温常压下液体的泄漏量。
无论是气体泄漏还是液体泄漏,泄漏量的多少都是决定泄漏后果严重程度的主要因。
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