今天的登山者,不再只是为登上山顶而满足,他们不断地向更高的难度挑战,在一次次的征服过程中,体味着人生的美好,从而更加珍惜生命。他们往往有着常人所难以想象的毅力与意志,凭着这些他们创造了一次又一次超越极限的奇迹,于是他们的经验也就成为了一种财富。我们祈盼看过这篇文章的人,都能快乐地爬山,并安全归来。
接受求生训练的意义
求生两个字本身就有很广义的解释,而对于求生这一行为来说它至少包括两个方面:求生的技能与求生的意志。你在从事野外活动时,总难免会遇到突发的事件,而这“突发”决非仅指一些意外事件(如坠崖),反而是应对那些属于自然界的不可抗力,才更是我们要学习的,例如:台风、降雪、山洪暴发、林道塌方、森林火灾等等自然灾害。如果此时你正被围困着,你该如何处理呢?这只有依赖求生训练来加强你的求生技能与求生意志了,如果你是一名向导的话,更需要接受这项训练,这样当你遇到困难时,才能正确地去指导和协助你的队员,帮助他们度过难关。实践证明曾经受过求生训练的人,其求生的自信心也比其他人强。
近来发生在我国的山难事件有好几启,追究起来一个很重要的原因就是因为没有一个可以供一般想去爬山的人学习的地方,更糟糕的是有些经常带人上山的向导,并没有告诉他的伙伴以及那些要上山的人:如果他们要去爬山,必须去学习一些基本知识与技能,这包括求生训练、急救训练、高山医学、高山营养学、地图与指南针以及穿着的技巧。就因为如此,那些本不该发生的山难才不断重复地发生。
求生的条件
在此特别提出求生的条件,是因为很多登山者非常藐视山,把自己想成是伟大的征服者,根本不重视个人的装备和准备,这在观念上已经产生误差,更不要提下一步的训练了,导致的结果往往是甚至在自己同伴有难时,也无力去帮助他。所以我们在此介绍求生的条件,希望你在爱护自己的原则下,准备好你自己应该拥有的。毕竟那是保障你未来的生活,以及你的家人、父母、子女美好未来的,不可不慎重。
(一)穿着:
a. 帽子:有了它,可使你减少30%体内热量的散发,当然如果有一顶防水、保暖兼备的帽子,那将更好了!有人在高山上行走,因为没戴帽子,又加上风的吹袭,就造成了头痛的伤害。
b. 内衣裤、外衣裤:很多人总认为要去爬山只需在家中随便找些旧衣裤穿就可以了,如果你了解布料的特性,也许你会有正确的选择。只有羊毛衣裤,才能在吸湿30%之后,仍有保温效果,事实上有些仿毛线的衣裤也不错,这些你都找不到的时候,就应该去买一套登山专用的保暖衣裤了。至于内衣裤,我可从没听说过有人平常就穿运动用的排汗内衣裤,因此没有替代品,因为失温就是从这最贴身的内衣裤开始引起的。
c.风雨衣:不论你参加一天或数天的野外活动,它永远是你的好伙伴,可别轻易抛弃它。现今市面仍以GORE-TEX布料制成的雨衣裤最佳。
d.手套:需要时,它也是你的好帮手,以羊毛或一些不吸水、保温好的化纤材质为佳。
e.登山鞋:现在很多人仍穿着运动鞋、旅游鞋上山,它们在保温、防止碰撞及扭伤方面的效果都比登山鞋差。穿登山鞋的人,应该以一双排汗内袜,一双羊毛或棉织厚袜的穿法最佳,然后在遇雨或雪天时,再加一双防水腿套,那就更完美了。
二)装备:
a.刀:国外的户外活动者,几乎没有人不带一把刀的,因为在他们的野外活动指南上,就已经阐明了刀的重要性;中国的牧民在山上工作时,也一定随身携带番刀一把,因此他们也有许多有益的经验。当你遇到突发情况的时候,刀能够做很多工作,如搭建避难所、生火、做担架、拐杖等等。总不能出现状况时,再下山找人借刀吧!除非你早已练成了中国功夫--铁砂掌,不然可别忘了找一把适合自己的刀。有了刀后,更要时刻保持锋利。有些人的刀,早已凹凸有序的似锯子般,他们仍带着它上山,那真象带一把废铁一样,搞不好那刀比手刀还不管用呢!
b.火柴:它可以为你带来热源,而火柴也需要做防水处理,现在很多人改带打火机,事实上就算你带了打火机,火柴仍是必要的装备。
c.手电筒及头灯:夜间可供你照明及打信号。
d.地图与指南针:这也是很多登山者所不以为然的,不去学习其用法,也从不带在身边,因此当自己迷路后,马上就失去了方向与目标,于是在山里乱走,这在山难事故中占了相当大的比例--迷路与失踪。我们奉劝每位登山者,自己要带指南针与地图,并事先熟悉它的用法,它会在关键时刻帮助你找出一条生路来,且地图上会告诉你在什么地方有村庄或公路。如果你上山时,你的领队和向导没有发地图给你,最好找他们要一张。
e.求生盒:一个大小合适的密封盒,其内装有:细铁丝一段*防水火柴和打火机*求生纸或防水布*蜡烛一小节*蜂蜜一小罐或糖果少许*胃药及个人内外用药品*求生卡*火种,如果买不到也可自己做一个,最好用金属盒装这些用品,因不得已时,它可用来炊煮东西或热水。而指南针和刀,原就是个人必备装备,随时都要用,可别放入求生盒内当求生物品哦!
f.求生卡:卡上记载了个人资料及求生急救的步骤,如此对一些遇事会紧张得不知所措的人,是有很大帮助的,可依书本上的求生步骤,简单制作一张小卡片,并记入个人资料,然后用防水胶处理后,放入求生盒内。
g.紧急避难帐篷:这是一顶只有900克重的超轻一人帐,名为紧急避难帐,那当然是让你在遇到特殊事件时才拿出来用的。就因如此,如果你拥有它,你及你的队友都将多一份保障,况且,当你在冰雪地遇到遇到特殊情况时,你可用它包住六、七人,然后在里面点一支蜡烛,如此就能抵抗零下二十度的低温至第二天。在日本,这是一位向导的规定装备,不论是一天的郊游或是多天的行走,他们都会带着它,因为他们认为向导的技能与体力多优于一般登山者,所以他们有责任在山区遇到自己的朋友或他队的人员有意外时,马上担负起救援的工作。因此,就是一天的郊游活动,他们的背包里,除了此避难帐外,还会加带一瓦斯炉、二人小炊具、急救用品及紧急用药,以及一个超轻睡袋。
h.睡袋:必须视你前往的山区来选择一个适宜的保暖睡袋,也有人带着平地露营用的丝棉睡袋到高山上去,结果当然很惨了!只差一点就冻死,也不必谈求生了。
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