通过长期的严格依法治理安全隐患和大量采用科技手段提高矿山安保水平,如今南非在矿山安全管理、安全设备技术开发、矿井救援、瓦斯抑爆、百万吨死亡率等方面均居世界领先地位。
1987年南非组织专家对煤矿矿难的性质、特点、原因进行分析和评估,制订了控制煤矿事故发生的措施:一是对煤矿安全管理立法,依法管理煤矿安全;二是建立煤矿瓦斯治理实验室,对煤矿瓦斯进行研究和探索,加大瓦斯监控力度,制订治理瓦斯的规程和措施,强制煤矿企业严格执行;三是强化煤矿矿工的培训,提高素质,增强遵章守纪的意识;四是加大对煤矿的投入,推广先进的管理方法和开采技术,大幅度提高煤矿开采的机械化程度,尽量减少井下从业人员;五是提高死亡人员的补偿标准,使矿主意识到发生事故赔不起。南非煤矿事故死亡一人,补偿标准30万兰特,当时币值相当于我国人民币45万元左右。
目前南非矿井开采深度接近5000米,在开采技术的经济性、安全性、有效性以及生命保障系统和地下矿石处理等方面均有独到之处,其矿山救援体系、救援装备系统、矿用安全器材的设计与材料运用等均居世界先进水平。
南非在矿山安全设备的研制上也已达世界先进水平。南非研制的高精度瓦斯分析仪、被困人员定位仪、井下救援通讯系统以及阻燃气体灭火系统、井下紧急呼吸机、便携式自救器等一系列矿井安全及救援产品均获国际上广泛好评。
南非1996年通过的《矿山健康与安全法》和2002年通过的《矿山与石油资源开发法》是两部比较完善的法令,在许多方面值得世界同行借鉴。
此外,南非矿产能源部规定,全国所有煤矿在距离每个工作面不超过750米的地方必须建立安全庇护所。在有编号的安全庇护所里,配有通风设备、救援电话、备用自救器和饮用水。在发生瓦斯爆炸、火灾以及其他事故时,矿工可以通过逃生指示装置的指引,在便携式自救器有效工作的时间内撤离到最近的安全庇护所,关上密封门,然后用电话向地面报告事故以及人员所在的安全庇护所的号码,等候救援。这样就保证了井下矿工在救援队员到达之前的安全。
经过依法治理,南非煤矿事故得到有效控制,死亡人数大幅下降,百万吨死亡率进入先进国家的水平。特别是煤矿的瓦斯事故得到有效控制,安全水准已达到美国、澳大利亚、加拿大等发达矿业大国的程度。与过去每年煤矿事故死亡成百上千人相比,2005年南非煤矿事故死亡仅15人。
南非在矿山安全领域已形成一整套完善体系,越来越多的国家正在矿山安全领域加强与南非的合作,借鉴、吸收其成熟的经验、技术及安全管理措施。
(本文来源:新华网)
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