【关麓词】液氨;液氨储罐;危险分析;对策
某企业锅炉烟气除硫装置供氨系统配置三台液氨储罐.几何尺寸为#3000×17200mm,容积120m ,工作压力2.2MPa(表压力)。如液氮的体积占储罐容积的85%,每个罐中液氮的总体积为102m , 则液氮的总重量为73.981T (液氨密度0.7253g/cm )。液氨的来源为液氨供应商通过公路、铁路槽车运输到企业进行充装。
l 液氨的性质
氨(NH3)为无色、有刺激性辛辣味的恶臭气体, 分子量l7.03, 比重0.597, 沸点一33.33℃ .爆炸极限为15.7% ~27% (容积) 氨在常温下加压易液化,称为液氨。与水形成水合氨,简称氨水,呈弱碱性,氨永极不稳定,遇热分解.1%水溶液pH值为11.7。浓氨水含氨28%~ 29%。氨在常温下呈气态,比空气轻,易溢出,具有强烈的刺激性和腐蚀性+故易造成急性中毒和灼伤。对上呼吸道有刺激和腐蚀作用,高浓度时可危及中枢神经系统,还可通三叉神经末梢的反射作用而引起心脏停博和呼吸停止。人对氮的嗅觉阚为0.5mg/m ~ 1.0mg/m , 浓度50mg/m 以上鼻咽部有刺激感和眼部灼痛感,500mg/m0 上短时内即出现强烈刺激症状,1500mg/m 以上可危及生命,3500mg/In 以上可即时死亡 缺氧时会加强氨的毒作用。国家卫生标准为30mg/m 。液氨的险性表现在两个方面,一是泄漏导致人员中毒、窒息死亡;二是与空气形成混合物,遇明火极易燃烧、爆炸。
2 液氨储罐的危险分析
液氟储罐为液化气体储罐,属于中压二类压力容器,可能发生物理爆炸,造成超声波和爆炸碎片对人和物体破坏。液氨储罐爆炸或液氮泄漏后发生氨气化学燃爆。氨气叉为有毒气体,爆破、液氨泄漏等还会造成人员中毒事故。
2.1 液氮储罐物理爆炸危险因素
分析
(1)液氨储罐超压,原因如下:
a.安全装置不齐、装设不当或失灵;
b.环境温度突然升高,液氨储罐由于温度升高而超压;
c.液氨储罐超装。
(2)液氨储罐存在缺陷,使承压能力降低。其主要原因有:
a.内、外介质腐蚀造成壁厚减薄,外壁受大气的腐蚀作用,内壁为氨的腐蚀;
b.液氨引起的应力腐蚀是导致储罐爆炸的重要原因之一 实践表明,温度升高,有利于腐蚀裂纹的发展;
c.发生严重塑性变形;
d.材质劣化。
(3)液氨储罐强度设计、结构设计、选材、防腐不合理。
2.2 液氨贮罐火灾、化学爆炸危险因素分析由于氨气泄漏,与空气混合,达到爆炸极限,遇到明火、静电火花等火源,引起火灾与化学爆炸事故。
(1)液氨储罐物理爆炸引起的器外氨气的火灾爆炸;
(2)液氨储罐及其附件(法兰、阀门、弯头等)泄漏.贮罐阀门、管道爆裂,充装系统泄漏,系统安垒装置失灵等因素;
(3)明火、静电火花等火源存在。
2.3 液氨中毒危险因素分析
(1)由于液氨储罐及其附件爆炸、泄漏,空气中的氨气的浓度超过安全域值,可能导致人员的中毒,甚至死亡;(2)人员进入液氨储罐时, 内部氨气浓度没有达到安全范围。
案例1:2002年9月l1日,湖南省常德县一辆停靠在“常德县影剧院” 门口、装满剧毒液氨的东风牌气罐车突然发生泄漏事故,所载的数吨有毒气体朝影剧院的几家门面喷去,刚刚开门的业主夫妇中毒倒地,生命垂危。
案例2:2000年12月17日,浙江建德市新化化工有限责任公司液氨车间发生一起液氨泄漏的严重事故,造成4人死亡13人受伤。事故原因是因为合成氨储罐阀门爆裂。
案例3:1979年某钢铁公司化肥厂对两台120m0的液氨贮罐进行内部检查,发现内壁有数以百计的裂纹,这些裂纹大部分分布在长年处于液面下部的南极与下温带组焊的周向焊缝上。大多数裂纹与焊缝垂直,由焊缝中心向两侧扩展,裂纹深4mm~6mm,长度一般为10mm~30mm,经分析为液氨引起的应力腐蚀裂纹。
案例4:1974年12月江苏省某县化肥厂,发生液氨贮罐的发生爆炸,造成多人伤亡。
3 物理爆炸能量和爆炸范围估算
下面对单台液氨储罐在额定压力下发生物理爆炸的爆炸能量和爆炸冲击波超压伤害范围进行估算。
(1)物理爆炸能量估算储罐总爆炸能量L= [(^ 一^1)一(s 一 1)Tb J W = [(378.080+32.682) 一(2.03761—0.58092) ×239.5] ×73.981×10。:4.578×10 KJ,爆炸能量的TNT 当量Q =L/qTNT=4.578 × 100/ (4.23 × 100) : 1.08 × 100kg(TNT),式中^ ^1分别为表压是2.2MPa和大气压力下氨饱和液的焓(kJ/kg),S S1分别为表压是2.2MPa和大气压力下氨饱和液的熵(kJ/(kg?K)), 为氨在大气压力下的沸点(K),w为液氨的质量(kg)。
(2)物理爆炸冲击波超压伤害范围估算依照“比例法则”对爆炸伤害范围进行估算。比例法则确定,不同数量的同类炸药产生相同冲击眄氢 学 嗣波超压的条件是,二者与爆炸中心距离之比等于其炸药量之比的三次方根,即若R/R。= (Q/Q。) =口则△P =AP。式中 Q。为标准炸药量,Q。=1000 kg;Q 为物理爆炸能量的TNT当量, (TNT);APo、△P分别为1000kgTNT标准炸药量和液氨储罐物理爆炸所造成不同伤害的冲击波超压,MPa,见参考文献1;a为炸药爆炸实验的模拟比;R。为与△P。相应的标准距离,优;R 为与超压△P相应距压缩空气储罐中心的距离, 。通过实验测得Q。=1000 kg(TNT)爆炸后在不同距离产生的冲击波超压△P,见参考文献1。模拟比口= (Q/Qo)1J3= (1.08×100/1000) /3=
1.03,1000Kg标准炸药爆炸致人死亡最小冲击波超压△Po=0.05 MPa,距离爆炸中心的标准距离Rl:20.26m,储罐爆炸致人死亡距储罐中心的实际距离R1 = aR 1= 1.03×20.26=20.9m;1000Kg标准炸药爆炸致墙倒屋塌的最小冲击波超压△Po=0.07 MPa,距离爆炸中心的标准距离R 2:16.8m,储罐爆炸致墙倒屋塌距储罐中心的实际距离R 2 =aR 2=1.03×16.8=17.3m。
4 安全控制措施
4.1 物理爆炸的安全控制措施
(1)液氨储罐必须有良好的防腐措施;
(2)严格控制液氨储罐充装量,液氨储罐的储存系数不应大于0.9,不要过量充装;
(3)液氨储罐防止意外受热或罐体温度过高而致使饱和蒸汽压力显著增加;
(4)尽量减少空气进入液氨储罐;
(5)液氨储罐尽可能保持较低的工作温度。低温储存,液氨储罐设置喷淋水,遮阳棚;
(6)必须依据《压力容器安全技术监察规程》制订操作规程及各项管理制度,并严格照章运行;
(7)必须按规定定期检验,及时发现缺陷,并妥善处理;
(8)安全阀、压力表等安全装置必须齐全完好,妥善维护,定期校验,确保灵敏可靠;
(9)操作人员应经培训合格后上岗。
4.2 火灾、化学爆炸安全控制措施
(1)氨站建筑符合《建筑设计防火规范》(GB16-1987)的有关规定;
(2)氨站应采用敞开式。氨站建筑物的地面应耐酸碱。在氨站防爆区域内,应采用防爆设计,如设置防爆设备、器材,应设围堤,建筑物防雷接地措施以及专用消防设施(如消防用水的消火栓等)。围栏和装饰材料应满足耐火极限要求;
(3)液氨贮槽附近的气体检测器系统数量、位置要合理或并定期检查防止其失灵;
(4)根据《建筑灭火器配置设计规范》(GBJl40—1990),液氨贮槽区适当部位应设置一定数量的手提式干粉灭火剂,并定期检查,保持有效状态;
(5)设置风向标,供现场人员辨识;
(6)管道和设备的选材必须耐腐蚀以防止产生泄漏,液氨管道及氨气管道必须定期检查,确保管道、阀门、法兰等无泄漏,防止保温层脱落、物体撞击及腐蚀减薄;
(7)防止火源、热源发生,定期检查照明电路,防止磨擦、撞击及静电火花产生,检修时使用铜扳手等铜制工具进行操作,严格控制动火。
4.3 人员中毒安全控制措施
(1)防止液氨泄漏;
(2)进入液氨储罐内部检修前要首先确保内部氨气浓度为安全范围;
(3)生产岗位设自背式空气呼吸器。
参考文献
1 吴粤襞等 锅炉压力容器安全工程学.北京经济学院出版社,1991
2 蒋汉文.热工学.高等教育出版社,1999
3 压力容器安全技术监察规程,质技监局锅发[1999】154号
4 建筑设计防火规范。GBJ16—2001
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