19日,四川广汉市境内发生K165次列车车厢坠河事件,无一人遇难。记者深入采访后发现,“零死亡”奇迹的背后是铁路部门严格的安全应急制度、地方政府完备灵敏的救援网络,使得短短20分钟内,千余名旅客在车厢坠河前的前几十秒撤离。随后的3个多小时之内,所有乘客均被妥善转移安置,没有造成恐慌。
安全意识化为本能反应 赢得“救命时间”
8月19日15时15分左右,一列西安至昆明的K165次客车在运行至四川德阳至广汉间的石亭江大桥时,大桥因水害发生倾斜,两节车厢悬吊在河面之上,情况万分危急。
执乘这趟客车的是成都铁路局机车司机曹继敏。这位已经安全行驶超过50万公里的司机回忆说:“在感觉到情况不对时,我立即采取了紧急停车措施,几乎是靠着身体本能反应做出的决定。”
事后证明,正是曹继敏的这种“本能反应”,为千余名乘客,尤其是困在桥上的8节车厢中的700多名旅客赢得了“救命时间”。参与现场救援的一位铁路工作人员心有余悸地告诉记者:“如果司机没有紧急刹车,列车将加大对钢轨和大桥的冲击力度,加剧大桥的不稳定性,甚至可能导致翻车灾难。”
记者在曹继敏身边看到一本《司机手帐》,上面清楚记载着发车前铁路部门的调度命令:18日至19日有暴雨。曹继敏在上面写着应对计划:“执行汛期行车办法,防洪看守点及早呼叫。宁可错停,不可盲行,宁停勿撞。”
曹继敏将计划中的后一句称为“十二字方针”:“对铁路司机来说,这12个字就是安全的法宝。我们不仅每月每天都有针对安全行车的学习,一到汛期,还会专门组织应急演练和培训竞赛,司机人手一本《非正常情况下行车办法》和《汛期安全行车手册》,就是要让安全意识成为自己的一种本能,达不到要求是不能上车的。”
就在今年7月,成都铁路局还专门组织了全局应急救援演练,每趟列车出乘时,调度员都要将线路上的天气、汛情和防洪措施通报给司乘人员。曹继敏说:“因为事先已经获知了行车路线上在下暴雨,部分地段可能会涨水,所以我的脑子里就挂上一根弦,一感觉不对劲就马上刹车,如果再考虑上一、两秒钟,真不知会发生什么事。”
环环紧扣 千余人与死神赛跑
记者了解到,从K165次列车刹车,到两节车厢坠河,中间仅仅只有20余分钟时间。正是司机、乘务人员的密切合作,整个应急程序环环紧扣,为千余名乘客迅速有序地撤离提供了宝贵时间。
曹继敏告诉记者:“刹车后我立即通知了车后的运转车长,我们下车查看情况后认为必须马上疏散乘客,并将情况通知给了乘务组,乘务员立即开始组织撤离,中间没有任何停顿。”
K165次客车列车出行前的应急演练也成为这次成功撤离的关键因素。列车长王巧芬说:“接到通知后,我们所有的乘务员都按照事先演练过的应急程序组织乘客紧急撤离。虽然大家都非常紧张,但脑子里有操作流程,没有耽误宝贵时间。我们先打开了其他车厢的车门让旅客下车,等到前几节车厢清空之后,我们马上赶到悬空的14、15号车厢。当确定所有乘客都下车后,乘务员们才最后离开。由于撤离及时和有序,乘客们对我们也没有怨言。”
乘客邱清明回忆起当时的情况仍然很后怕:“当时大家以为死定了,有的人哭喊着要往外跑,但乘务员过来告诉大家不要惊慌,先在座位上不要乱动,她们会组织我们有序撤离。没有组织引导,很难说大家不会挤成一团,谁也跑不掉。”
网络健全 争取救援第一时间
列车坠河事件中,正是地方政府建立的救援网络,使得救援人员在第一时间赶到现场,砸开车窗帮助众多乘客逃生。所有乘客随即被妥善转移安置,迅速稳定了现场秩序。
广汉市公安局小汉派出所所长刘文等8名民警第一时间赶到大桥参与救援。他告诉记者:“近段时间汛情严峻,小汉镇内有河流桥梁,因此我们也加大了出警力度。19日下午3点多,我们正在石亭江的下游排除一处险情,得知有列车在大桥上遇险后,我们以最快速度赶到了现场。当时看到列车上正在组织乘客撤离,我们也找了两把榔头冲上大桥,砸碎车窗玻璃往外拽乘客,并且分派人手将撤出来的旅客带到安全地带,维护现场秩序。”
小汉镇方碑村村民曾令述是第一时间自发参与救援的当地村民之一。他告诉记者:“由于汛情严峻,我们全镇每一个靠近河道的村都有村民防洪队。当天我们正在石亭江大桥边抢修一处防洪堤,亲眼看到桥上的列车出事。我们马上冲到桥上,捡起路基上的石头砸碎车窗玻璃,我记得我一个人就拽了12个人出来。当时的雨非常大,大桥不断晃动,等到所有人都出了车厢,还没完全走下桥,桥那头的2个桥墩就倒了,两节悬空的车厢也掉下了河。如果再晚一点,后果就严重了。”
广汉市副市长兼公安局局长唐礼忠告诉记者,在指挥小汉派出所民警赶赴现场的同时,德阳、广汉也迅速启动了处置灾害事故一级应急响应预案,800余名警员、消防战士赶往现场参与救援,疏导交通,40多辆转移乘客的大巴车也随后赶到,最终和铁路部门一起妥善处置了这起突发事件。
(记者江毅 党文伯 任硌)
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