1、 安装后无验收,扣5分
平刨和圆盘锯都属于木工机械,具有转速高、刀刃锋利、振动大、噪音大、制动比较慢等特点,其加工的木材又存在质地不均匀的情况,如硬节疤、斜纹或有木钉等,容易发生崩裂、回弹、强烈跳动等现象。如果防护不严、操作不当,就可能造成人身伤害。木工机械最不安全的地方是在刀具与木材的接触处,使用中多为手工送料,易发生伤手、断指事故,同时木屑、刨花极易引起火灾,所以平刨安装后必须有验收手续,方可交付使用。安装验收内容为:
(1) 刨口要设有安全防护罩,对刀口非工作部分进行遮盖;
(2) 传动部位要设防护罩;
(3) 刀片和刀片螺丝的厚度、重量必须一致,刀架夹板必须平整贴紧,刀片紧固螺丝应嵌入刀片槽内,槽端离刀背不得小于10mm ,紧固刀片时螺栓不得过紧或过松;
(4) 设置“一机一闸一漏一箱”装设漏电保护器,选用漏电动作电流不大于30m A,动作时间不大于0.1S,电机绝缘电阻值应大于0.5MΩ;
(5) 工作场所必须整洁、干燥、无杂物、配备可靠消防器材;
(6) 不准使用倒顺开关或闸刀开关直接操作,安装接触器、操作按钮控制;
(7) 操作规程牌齐全,有维修、保养制度。。
2、无护手安全装置,扣 5 分
平刨在使用时主要是人工送料,如不慎极易发生伤手, 断指事故,因此平刨必须装置护手安全装置,操作规程要求在刨料时,手应按在料的上面,手指必须离开刨口 50 m m 以上,严禁用手在木料后端送料跨越刨口进行刨削。当刨削长 400 mm ,厚 30 mm 以下的短料时要用推棍送料,刨削长 400 mm ,厚 30mm 以下的薄板要用安全推板送料(如图6.13.1示)以免伤手。
图6.13.1 安全推板进料 图6.13.2 可调式防护罩
1—安全推板;2—工件;3—刀具 1—平刨机;2—导板;3—梯形防护罩;4-刀轴刃口
5—固定支架;6—可调支持杆;7—木料
用平刨机械操作时可用可调式防护罩,其结构简单,是由刨床侧面的可调支持杆6,固定支架5和梯形防护罩 3 组成(如图 6.13.2 ),工作前根据木料厚度,通过可调支持杆调整固定支架的位置,使梯形防护罩距工作台面的距离,符合被刨削木料厚度。保证刨削时,木料从防护罩下面通过,而操作人的手不会触及刀具。
3、传动部位无防护罩,扣5分
传动部位必须安装防护罩,主要是防止操作人员不慎将衣、裤绞进去,发生意外伤害,要求“有轮必有罩,有轴必有套”就是这个道理。
4、末做保护接零,无漏电保护器,扣5分
施工现场供电系统为 TN-S 系统,其中 PE 线为专用保护零线,其 PE 线必须与将正常情况下不带电的可导电部分与零线相连,即是保护接零系统。在 TN-S 系统中,保护零线应专用,不得做工作零线使用。同时不准单独做接地保护,这样在该系统中形成一部分设备作接零保护,另一部分设备做接地保护,这是不允许的。(道理已在第六章第八节“施工用电检查评分表”中说明了)用电设备仅采用接零保护系统是不完善的,还必须设置漏电保护器,因为当设备的正常带电部分对不带电部分的金属外壳发生漏电时,保护零线只能为漏电电流提供通路和降低电气设备外壳的对地电位,当漏电严重,但漏电电流值尚末达到相关线路短路保护电器的短路动作电流额定值时,保护零线上将会长时间持续不断的流过较大的漏电电流。因此,电气设备的金属外壳的对地电位也随之升高,如人体与之相接触会受到不同程度的触电伤害。增加漏电保护器就会当线路发生较小的漏电时,即能迅速切断电源,保证操作人员不会触电伤害。选用漏电保护器时其漏电动作电流应小于 30 mA ,动作时间应小于0.1s。
5、无人操作时末切断电源,扣 3 分
设备本身应设有 "一机一闸一漏一箱" 用操作按钮接触器控制,不得装倒顺开关或刀开关直接控制,开关箱距设备距离不大于 3 m ,以便在发生故障时,迅速切断电源。当使用完毕应切断电源,以免发生误操作伤人。
6、维修保养状态差,扣 1 分
维修保养差是指设备本身状况差,如漏油、污垢多、电线没有保护乱拉乱接等,另外是指周围作业环境差,如木料乱堆乱放,刨花、木屑到处都是,不及时清理,没有消防灭火器材等,要有定期保养维修制度和责任制制度。
7、工人戴手套操作,扣 1 分
旋转机械戴手套是最危险的,因为旋转速度快,而手套的毛边、线头很容易与旋转的机械部位绞扭在一起,连同手一起绞进去,这样的血的教训很多,因此操作此类机具是严禁戴手套操作的。
8、使用平刨和圆盘锯合用一台电机的多功能木工机具的,平刨和圆盘锯,两项扣20分
多功能联合木工机具在施工现场使用是不合适的,因为平刨和圆锯作业都较频繁,易发生误操作,而且在同时进行时,操作面又较小会发生意外伤害,当使用一台机具时,另一台机具同时运转,因全用一台电机同时启动同时停止,无法起到保护作用。
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