危险货物是指具有自燃、易燃、爆炸、腐蚀、毒害、放射性等性质的货物。一般分为以下几种:爆炸品、氧化剂、压缩气体、自燃物体、遇水燃烧物体、易燃液体、毒害品、腐蚀性品、放射性物品等。由于大部分危险货物在力、光、热的作用下,极易产生危险现象,在装运过程中必须遵照交通部门颁布的《危险货物运输规则》执行。在运输品种、包装、装卸、运送各环节中严格执行有关规定。
一、配备符合规定的驾驶员和押运员
驾驶员和押运员必须经过专门培训并取得危险货物运输从业资格证、押运证。要学习掌握一定的化工知识,熟悉承载货物的物理化学性质、危险特性、注意事项,如货物的比重、闪燃点、毒性、膨胀系数等,成为半个“行家”。出车时要带齐驾驶证、准运证、从业资格证、押运证以及行驶证、车辆年检合格证、养路费凭证和容器安全检验合格报告等证件,以备检查。
二、车辆安全状况和安全性能合格
必须对车辆的安全技术状况进行认真检查,发现故障必须排除后方可投入运行。要特别注意检查容器的安全性能,逐个部位检查液位计、压力表、阀门、温度表、紧急切断阀、导静电装置等安全装置是否安全可靠,杜绝跑、冒、滴、漏,故障未处置好不得承运。要保持驾驶室干净,不得有发火用具,危险品标志灯牌完好。
三、应急处理准备充分
要检查随车消防器材的数量及有效性。要随车携带不发火的工具、专业堵漏设备、劳动防护用品,不得穿钉子鞋和化纤服装。押运员要携带掌握承载货物的事故技术处置方案(包括危险特性,处置措施,消防处置措施)、产品生产厂家联系电话及交通事故、治安、消防、救护、环保等报警电话。
四、装载货物要注意细节
装载货物要到现场负责监督,详细核对货物名称、规格、数量是否与托运单证相符。要按照堆码整齐、靠紧妥帖、平整牢固、均匀平衡、易于点数的基本要求进行。各种危险化学品不能混装,做到一车一货。承载易燃易爆品时,车辆排气管要戴防火罩,桶装危险品的桶与桶之间要用编织袋充填空隙。容器罐装液体时,应预留容积不得少于总容量5%的膨胀余量。装载有毒有害货物时,要站在上风处。更要注意,装载的任何化工产品都要加盖雨布,以防交会车时飞落的烟头。
五、精心驾驶,平稳行车
行车要遵守交通、消防、治安等法律法规。“礼让三先”,主动避让各种车辆,应控制车速,保持与前车安全距离,严禁违法超车。不能疲劳驾驶,不开英雄车、赌气车、霸王车,使车辆保持平稳、中速行驶。驾驶中要尽量少用紧急刹车,以保持货物的稳定,确保行车安全。
六、行车途中勤检查
危险品运输的事故隐患主要是从泄漏开始的。由于行车途中车辆颠簸震动,往往容易造成包装破损,因此,行车途中要勤于检查。当行驶两小时后要查看一下桶盖上有无溢出,用专用扳手拧紧,如密封圈失效应更换;铁桶之间的充填物有无跌落,车厢底部四周有无泄漏液体,如有应查出漏桶,将漏点朝上;捆绑的绳索是否松动等。在高温季节时,液体会膨胀,更换密封圈时要注意慢慢开,等放走气体后再完全打开,以避免开盖过急液体喷出伤人。
七、选择行驶路线得当,行车时间恰当
运输危险品要选择道路平整的国道主干线,不能因图路近而走复杂的路段。行车要远离城镇及居民区,非通过不可时,要再检查一次,确认安全无泄漏再过境。不能在城市街道、人口密集区停车吃饭、休息。提倡白天休息,夜间行车,以避让车辆、人员高峰期。万一发生泄漏,个人力量无法挽回时,要迅速将车开往空旷地带,远离人群、水源。一旦发生交通事故,要扩大隔离范围,并立即向有关部门报警。
八、小心卸货,防止污染
危险物品大多具有毒性、腐蚀性,稍不注意就容易污染环境。特别是液、气态产品容易污染空气、土地和水源。卸货时尤其要注意,经过长途运输,外包装都会有一定破损,在没有专用站台的地方卸货时要铺跳板或木杠,用绳拉住桶缓缓落地,或用废轮胎垫地,以起到缓冲作用。并要告知货主,对危险品不要急于使用,要搁置一段时间,等各种性能平稳后再使用。值得提醒的是,如发现车厢里有泄漏的痕迹,不要急于清洗,要先用锯沫或沙子清扫一遍,让其干透,蒸发后,在远离水源的地方用水冲洗,以免污染环境。
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