起重机械是指用于垂直升降或者垂直升降并水平移动重物的机电设备,其范围规定为额定起重量大于或者等于0.5t的升降机;额定起重量大于或者等于1t,且提升高度大于或者等于2m的起重机和承重形式固定的电动葫芦等。
有关机械设备的基本安全原理对于起重机械都适用,这些基本原理有:设备本身的制造质量应该良好,材料坚固,具有足够的强度而且没有明显的缺陷。所有的设备都必须经过测试,而且进行例行检查,以保证其完整性。应使用正确设备。
(1)主要危害类型
1)翻倒:由于基础不牢、超机械工作能力范围运行和运行时碰到障碍物等原因造成;
2)超载:超过工作载荷、超过运行半径等;
3)碰撞:与建筑物、电缆线或其他起重机相撞;
4)基础损坏:设备置放在坑或下水道的上方,支撑架未能伸展,未能支撑于牢固的地面; 5)操作失误:由于视界限制、技能培训不足等造成;
6)负载失落:负载从吊轨或吊索上脱落。
(2)危害的消除
为了防止起重机械事故的发生,应注意以下事项。
1)识别与测试:所有起重机必须经过测试,而厂商需要给出对每一项测试结果的签字证明。测试结果应与使用说明相符,其中必须清楚地注明安全工作载荷。起重机不允许在超过额定载荷的工况下工作。
2)维护:起重机应该进行例行检查,任何缺陷均需立即修复。检查的记录应予以保留。
3)安全措施:为使起重机安全运行,需要考虑如下一系列安全措施。
①载荷显示,有两种类型:
a.载荷—半径显示器;
b.可提供声音及视觉显示警告的自动安全载荷显示器。
②控制:应是“傻瓜”类型的并有明显标志;
③限位器:为了防止钓钩、滑轮组超出行程范围,应设置必要的安全限位装置;
④出入:应该为操作员提供安全的出入条件,这种出入条件在维护、测试及应急时也应具备;
⑤操作位置:应该相对于吊钩及载荷有良好的视线,而且便于控制操作;
⑥乘员:在没有批准时,不允许有外人进入操作室,而且禁止在吊臂上有人;
⑦吊臂:吊环、吊索、缆线、螺栓及钩链等都要经过检测,必须是无损的而且安装适当,有明显的标志和安全的工作负载,并且使用适当(不要在有尖、角处或者不正常的角度下使用)。
4)操作区:邻近作业区的危害,包括上方电缆及裸露的动力设施都应该进行识别,将其移开或者加以安全保护。起重机要有牢固的支撑,对于新安装的起重机,其支撑所需要的尺度及强度都应该明确。要检测是否有与其他起重机或建筑物相撞的可能性。
5)操作人员训练:起重机的操作人员及加载的工作人员,必须是健康的能适应工作强度要求的人员。作为特种设备操作人员,要进行专门的培训。
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