职业性皮肤病有两种主要的类型:原发性刺激性的和过敏性的。
1.病因
职业病皮肤病的病因有以下五类:
(1)机械性因素:摩擦、压力和外伤使皮肤出现伤口,引起细菌、真菌感染及皮肤硬结,还会引起皮肤角质层软化、皮炎、擦伤。
(2)物理性因素:热、冷、水、日光、X线、电离辐射、电等会弓I起皮肤灼伤、严重灼伤、皮炎、皮肤癌、皮肤改变、冻疮等。
(3)化学性因素:很多化学物质,如一些酸类、碱类、盐类,以及溶剂、油(切削油等)、树脂、杀虫剂、染料等,会引起皮肤溃疡、皮炎、糜烂、水泡、烧伤、红斑、痒、指甲脱落或变色、红皮肤、痤疮、湿疹、毛囊炎等病症。在制造业,化学性因素是职业性皮肤病的主要病因。
(4)植物性毒素:有几百种植物产生的植物性毒素能引起皮炎,最常见的有常春藤毒素、橡树毒素、漆树毒素。当人体接触这些植物、植物燃烧产生的烟尘、受毒物污染的衣服和物品时,都会引起皮炎。
(5)生物学因素:细菌、真菌、寄生虫等能够引起炭疽、土拉伦斯病、丹毒、脓肿、毛囊炎、脚癣、谷癣、皮炎、皮肤感染、钩虫痒病等。
除上述五类外,还有其他一些特殊性因素可以引起职业性皮肤病。
2.预防、体检和清洗
防止职业性皮肤病的控制措施的根本目的是完全防止皮肤接触上面所列的各种因素的刺激物。具体的措施包括低毒物质替代、改变工艺过程、湿式作业、通气、防护性软膏和个人防护用品。
在就业前进行体检,不让那些对皮炎敏感的受检者从事该种工作。在体检时不应使用斑贴试验法。如在体检中发现某一工作人群中突然发生皮炎,要请医生进行检查和试验,以确定他们是否对某些物质产生了过敏性。如是,则需调换工种,直到危害消除。
对于从事接触皮肤刺激物工作的人员,保持个人清洁是非常重要的。要有充分的便利和有效的洗涤设备供工作人员使用,这对预防职业性皮肤病是非常必要的。
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