在生产中,与生产过程有关而形成的粉尘叫做生产性粉尘。生产性粉尘对人体有多方面的不良影响,尤其是含有游离二氧化硅的粉尘,能引起严重的职业病—矽肺;生产性粉尘还能影响某些产品的质量,加速机器的磨损;微细粉末状原料、成品等成为粉尘到处飞扬,影响环境及造成经济上的损失。
1.生产性粉尘的来源
生产性粉尘来源于以下几方面:
(1)固体物质的机械加工、粉碎,金属的研磨、切削、矿石或岩石的钻孔、爆破、破碎、磨粉以及粮谷加工等的生产过程;
(2)物质加热时产生的蒸气如熔炼黄铜时,锌蒸气在空气中冷凝、氧化形成氧化锌烟尘s
(3)有机物质的不完全燃烧,如木材、油、煤炭等燃烧时所产生的烟。
此外,铸件的翻砂、清砂时或在生产中使用的粉末状物质在混合、过筛、包装、搬运等操作时,以及沉积的粉尘由于振动或气流的影响重又浮游于空气中(二次扬尘)也是生产性粉尘的来源。
2.生产性粉尘的分类
生产性粉尘根据其性质可分为三类:
(1)无机性粉尘:①矿物性粉尘,例如硅石、石棉、滑石等;②金属性粉尘,例如铁、锡、铝、铅、锰等;③人工无机性粉尘,例如水泥、金刚砂、玻璃纤维等。
(2)有机性粉尘:①植物性粉尘,例如棉、麻、面粉、木材、烟草、茶等;②动物性粉尘,例如兽毛、角质、骨质、毛发等;②人工有机粉尘,例如有机燃料、炸药、人造纤维等。
(3)混合性粉尘、:系指上述各种粉尘泥合存在而言。在生产环境中,最常见的是混合性粉尘。
3.尘肺
尘肺是由于吸人生产性粉尘引起的以肺的纤维化为主的职业病。至2000年我国已发生各种尘肺50多万人,死亡近20万人,尚有潜在职dL病患者50余万人。粉尘引起的尘肺是当前我国最主要的职业病。
按病因可将尘肺分为六类:
(1)矽肺,吸人含有游离二氧化硅粉尘;
(2)硅酸盐肺,吸入硅酸盐粉尘引起的尘肺如石棉肺、滑石尘肺、陶工尘肺、水泥尘肺。
(3)炭尘肺,吸入含炭粉尘所引起的尘肺,如煤肺、石墨尘肺、活性炭尘肺、炭黑尘肺。
(4)金属尘肺,吸人含金属粉尘引起的尘肺,如铝尘肺。
(5)混合性尘肺。吸人两种或两种以上粉尘所引起的尘肺,如煤矽肺,电焊工尘肺,铁矽肺。
(6)有机尘肺,有机尘肺是指吸入有机粉尘所引起的肺纤维化等职业性呼吸系统疾病。
由于有机粉尘成份复杂,所引起的肺病变也很复杂,目前我国尚未将有机尘肺列入尘肺名单。但有机粉尘所引起的职业性哮喘、职业性变态反应性肺泡炎、棉尘病已列入职业病名单。
我国1987年公布的职业病名单中列出的法定尘肺有十二种,即矽肺、煤工尘肺、石墨尘肺、炭黑尘肺、石棉肺、滑石尘肺、水泥尘肺、云母尘肺、陶工尘肺、铝尘肺、电焊工尘肺、铸工尘肺。
4.粉尘危害的控制措施
工厂与矿山粉尘危害的控制措施分述如下:
(1)工厂防尘措施
1)湿式作业
2)密闭、通风、除尘系统
密闭设备的功能是将发生粉尘的生产设备密闭起来,防止粉尘外溢,并为吸尘、通风打下基础。通风管是连接密闭设备和除尘设备的通道,是输送含尘空气的设施,合理的布置和设计通风管,是通风、除尘系统的关键。除尘器按工作方式可分为干式、湿式两大类;按工作原理,分为沉降式、离心式、过滤式、冲激式等几类。
(2)矿山防尘
矿山防尘不同于工厂防尘,露天矿与井下开采作业也不相同。简介如下:
1)井下防尘
井下的防尘措施是以湿式作业,加强通风为主要内容的综合性防尘措施:
放炮后喷雾降尘,放炮后立即向掌子面喷雾10分钟。
2)加强通风
3)井下接尘工人必须配用防尘口罩。
防尘措施的目标是使粉尘浓度降至卫生标准以下。
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