我国煤矿主要灾害有瓦斯、顶板、冲击地压、火灾、水害、尘害、热害等。其中,瓦斯事故危害性最高,被冠以煤矿“第一杀手”。2001-2006年,全国一次死亡10人以上的重大事故中,瓦斯事故占到80%;一次死亡30人以上的特别重大事故中,瓦斯事故占到83%;24起死亡百人以上的特别重大事故中,瓦斯煤尘事故21起,事故起数和死亡人数分别占88%和90%。瓦斯事故危害性最高,平均每起事故造成3.30人死亡。除此之外,几乎全国所有的煤矿都有瓦斯涌出,年涌出量超过150亿m3。全国高瓦斯矿井有4462处,突出矿井911处。国有重点煤矿中,高瓦斯突出矿井占到50%左右,约有250处为突出矿井。截至到2007年底,全国累计突出1万6400余次,占世界总突出次数的40%左右。因此,我国是世界上煤与瓦斯突出最严重的国家之一。
为此提出以下措施来预防矿井发生窒息死亡。
一、每个矿井必须有足够的通风能力,可靠的通风设施,完善的通风系统,保证井下生产作业场所风量充足,风流稳定,满足井下作业人员对氧气的需求。
二、在使用甲烷检测报警器、一氧化碳测定器检查甲烷、一氧化碳含量的同时,还应使用氧气测定器检查氧气含量情况,以防缺氧窒息。
三、盲巷、采空区管理要严格按照《煤矿安全规程》规定及时封闭。
四、严格控制角联巷道通风状态,预防微风或不通风现象,从而出现甲烷局部超限或高氮缺氧。
五、遇有地质构造发生变化地段、甲烷及氮气局部富集区时要及时采取相应的安全技术措施。
六、爆破必须使用水炮泥,放炮前后必须喷雾洒水,加强局部通风,防止二氧化氮中毒。
七、处理爆炸和井下火灾事故时,要正确分析通风系统的破坏情况和火风压对矿井风流的影响程度。合理确定灾区人员的撤退路线和救援人员的行进路线,避免造成人员中毒窒息死亡。
八、配齐通风监测仪表,完善监测手段。
强化技术基础性工作,依法建立和实施矿用产品安全标志准入制度。提升煤矿安全管束监察水平,提高安全装备的技术门槛,确保矿用产品的安全性能。只有从根本上确保入井产品的可靠性,才能确保矿工的生命财产安全,真正起到预防的作用。
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