职业性急性苯中毒是劳动者在职业活动中,短期内吸入大剂量苯蒸气所引起的以中枢神经系统抑制为主要表现的全身性疾病;职业性慢性苯中毒是指劳动者在职业活动中较长时期接触苯蒸气引起的以造血系统损害为主要表现的全身性疾病。
急性苯中毒的诊断是根据短期内吸入大量高浓度苯蒸气,临床表现有意识障碍,并排除其他疾病引起的中枢神经功能改变,方可诊断急性苯中毒;又按意识障碍程度,分为轻度和重度二级。
慢性苯中毒的诊断是根据较长时期密切接触苯的职业史,临床表现主要有造血抑制,亦可有增生异常,参考作业环境调查及现场空气中苯浓度测定资料,进行综合分析,并排除其他原因引起的血象改变,方可诊断为慢性苯中毒;慢性苯中毒又按血细胞受累及的系列和程度,以及有无恶变分为轻、中、重三级。
急性苯中毒
急性轻度中毒
短期内吸入高浓度苯蒸气后出现头晕、头痛、恶心、呕吐、兴奋、步态蹒跚等酒醉样状态,可伴有粘膜刺激症状。呼气苯、血苯、尿酚测定值增高可作为苯接触指标。
急性重度中毒
吸入高浓度苯蒸气后出现烦躁不安、意识模糊、昏迷、抽搐、血压下降,甚至呼吸和循环衰竭。呼气苯、血苯、尿酚测定值增高,可作为苯接触指标。
慢性中毒
慢性轻度中毒
在3个月内每1~2周复查一次,如白细胞计数持续或基本低于4×109/L(4000/mm3)或中性粒细胞低于2×109/L(2000/mm3)。常有头晕、头痛、乏力、失眠、记忆力减退等症状。
慢性中度中毒
多有慢性轻度中毒症状,并有易感染和(或)出血倾向。符合下列之一者:
a)白细胞计数低于4×109/L(4000/mm3)或中性粒细胞低于2×109/L(2000/mm3),伴血小板计数低于60×109/L(6万/mm3);
b)白细胞计数低于3×109/L(3000/mm3)或中性粒细胞低于1.5×109/L(1500/mm3)。
慢性重度中毒
出现下列之一者:
a)全血细胞减少症;
b)再生障碍性贫血;
c)骨髓增生异常综合征;
d)白血病。
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