煤气是一种以煤为原料,加工制得的含有可燃组分的气体。根据加工方法、煤气性质和用途分为:煤气化得到的是水煤气、半水煤气、空气煤气(或称发生炉煤气),这些煤气的发热值较低,故又统称为低热值煤气;煤干馏法中焦化得到的气体称为焦炉煤气,高炉煤气。属于中热值煤气,可供城市作民用燃料。煤气中的一氧化碳和氢气是重要的化工原料。
家庭中煤气中毒
主要指一氧化碳中毒、液化石油气、管道煤气、天然气中毒,前者多见于冬天用煤炉取暖,门窗紧闭,排烟不良时,后者常见于液化灶具漏泄或煤气管道漏泄等。煤气易与人体中的血红蛋白结合。煤气中毒时病人最初感觉为头痛、头昏、恶心、呕吐、软弱无力,当他意识到中毒时,常挣扎下床开门、开窗,但一般仅有少数人能打开门,大部分病人迅速发生抽痉、昏迷,两颊、前胸皮肤及口唇呈樱桃红色,如救治不及时,可很快呼吸抑制而死亡。煤气中毒依其吸入空气中所含一氧化碳的浓度、中毒时间的长短.当居室内一氧化碳体积达0.06%时,人会感到头晕、头痛、恶心、呕吐、四肢乏力等症;超过0.1%时,只要吸入半小时,人即会昏睡,进而昏迷;达到0.4%时,只要吸入1小时就可致人于死亡。
煤气中毒常分三型:
轻型:1.中毒时间短,血液中碳氧血红蛋白为10%~20%。表现为中毒的早期症状,头痛眩晕、心悸、恶心、呕吐、四肢无力,甚至出现短暂的昏厥,一般神志尚清醒,吸入新鲜空气,脱离中毒环境后,症状迅速消失,一般不留后遗症。
2.中型:中毒时间稍长,血液中碳氧血红蛋白占30%~40%,在轻型症状的基础上,可出现虚脱或昏迷。皮肤和粘膜呈现煤气中毒特有的樱桃红色。如抢救及时,可迅速清醒,数天内完全恢复,一般无后遗症状。
3.重型:发现时间过晚,吸入煤气过多,或在短时间内吸入高浓度的一氧化碳,血液碳氧血红蛋白浓度常在50%以上,病人呈现深度昏迷,各种反射消失,大小便失禁,四肢厥冷,血压下降,呼吸急促,会很快死亡。一般昏迷时间越长,预后越严重,常留有痴呆、记忆力和理解力减退、肢体瘫痪等后遗症。
预防急救:
(1)立即打开门窗,移病人于通风良好、空气新鲜的地方,注意保暖。查找煤气漏泄的原因,排除隐患。
(2)松解衣扣,保持呼吸道通畅,清除口鼻分泌物,如发现呼吸骤停,应立即行口对口人工呼吸,并作心脏体外按摩。
(3)立即进行针刺治疗,取穴为太阳、列缺、人中、少商、十宣、合谷、涌泉、足三里等。轻、中度中毒者,针刺后可以逐渐苏醒。
(4)立即给氧,有条件应立即转医院高压氧舱室作高压氧治疗,尤适用于中、重型煤气中毒患者,不仅可使病者苏醒,还可使后遗症减少。
(5)立即静脉注射50%葡萄糖液50毫升,加维生素C500~1000毫克。轻、中型病人可连用2天,每天1~2次,不仅能补充能量,而且有脱水之功,早期应用可预防或减轻脑水肿。
(6)昏迷者按昏迷病人的处理进行。
①坚持早晨到公园或在阳台进行深呼吸运动扩胸运动、太极拳,每天30分钟左右,轻、中型中毒者应连续晨练7~14天;重型中毒者可根据后遗症情况,连续晨练3~6个月,作五禽戏、铁布衫功、八段锦等。
②继续服用金维他每天1~2丸,连服7~14天,或维生素C0.1~0
③检查煤气使用情况,以防再次中毒:
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