有的建筑火灾造成严重的人员伤亡事故,其原因固然是多方面的,但与有无事故照明和疏散指示标志也有一定关系。为防止触电和通过电气设备、线路扩大火势,需要在火灾时及时切断起火部位及其所在防火分区或整个建筑的电源,如无事故照明和疏散指示标志,人们 在惊慌之中势必混乱,加上烟气作用,更易引起不必要的伤亡。实践表明,为保障安全疏散,事故照明和疏散指示标志是不可缺少的,尤其是高层建筑、人员集中的场所,引导安全疏 散更为必要,这类设施必须保证。
对事故照明和疏散指示标志有如下一些要求:
1.除了在疏散楼梯、走道和消防电梯及其前室以及人员密集的场所等部位需设事故照明外,对火灾时不能停电、必须坚持工作的场所,如配电室、消防控制室、消防水泵房、自备发电机房等也应设事故照明。
2.疏散指示标志应设于走道墙面及转角处、楼梯间的门口上方,以及环形走道中,其间距不宜大于20米,距地1.5~1.8米,应写有“EXIT”(出口)的字样,且为红色,此色易透过烟火而被识别。
3.在国外,一般采用蓄电池作火灾事故照明和疏散指示标志的电源。我国统一要求采用蓄电池还有困难,所以允许使用城市电网供电,照明电压也允许采用220V电压;也可自 备发电或蓄电池供电,后者使用时间应在30分钟以上。目前也还有两种事故照明方式:一是近年生产的手提式事故照明灯具,已较广泛用于建筑之中。它平时挂在墙上处于充电状态, 一旦断电则发出光亮,并能取下以手提方式使用;二是荧光涂料,已初步用于实际,其色料为硫化锌,它能储存和释放光能,且荧光无放射性。目前已开始用作事故照明,均不需配备 事故电源且使用简便效果良好,今后在这方面将会得到进一步的发展和应用。
4.供人员疏散用的事故照明,主要通道上的照度不应低于0.5lx。消防控制室、消防水泵房、配电室和自备发电机房等部位的事故照明的最低照度,应与该部位工作时正常照明的最低照度相同。
5.为防止火灾时迅速烧毁事故照明灯和疏散指示标志,影响安全疏散,在其外表面应加设保护措施。
6.平时要经常检查维护保养上述灯具,灯泡不亮或损坏的要及时修理更换,使之时刻保持良好状态。
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