一切燃烧时生成的气体、蒸汽和固体物质,叫做燃烧产物。其中浮在大气中能被人们看 到的燃烧产物,叫做烟。燃烧时,生成的不能再继续燃烧的物质,就叫完全燃烧产物;生成的还能继续燃烧的物质,就叫不完全燃烧产物。
据统计,火灾中人员死亡的原因,因烟气和毒气直接致死的占40%,加上由于中毒晕倒后被烧死的,则占一半以上。因此,了解火灾中燃烧产物对人体的毒害作用,从而对保护人 民群众生命安全具有重要意义。
热烟气的一般毒害作用包括:缺氧、高温气体对呼吸道的热损伤和烟尘对呼吸道的堵塞 作用。
①缺氧。人无时无刻不在进行呼吸,吸进氧气,呼出二氧化碳。正常空气中氧占21%( 体积分数)。在火场中,由于可燃物的燃烧使火场中氧的含量减少,特别是密闭环境中,例 如冬天紧闭的房间,一旦着火,火场中的氧气会迅速下降。当空气中O2含量低于16%~1 2%时,人会出现头痛,呼吸急促,脉搏加快;当O2含量低于14%~9%时,人判断能力 迟钝,出现酩酊状态,产生紫斑;当O2含量低于10%~6%时,人意识不清,痉挛,致死。
②高温气体的热损伤。火场中,由于可燃物多,火灾发展迅速,火场气体温度升高很快 。根据一般室内火灾升温曲线,着火中心5min后,即可升高到500℃以上。人体呼吸系统中 的鼻腔、气管及支气管的内粘膜和肺泡组织很娇嫩的。只要吸入的气体温度超过70℃,就 会使气管、支气管内黏膜充血,出血起水泡,组织坏死,并引起肺扩张、肺水肿而死亡。
③热烟尘的毒害作用。火灾中的热烟尘由燃烧中析出的碳粒子、焦油状液滴,以及房屋 倒塌,天花板掉落时扬起的灰尘组成。这些烟尘吸入呼吸系统后,堵塞、刺激内黏膜,其毒害作用随烟尘的温度、直径不同而不同,其中温度高、直径小、化学毒性大的烟尘对呼吸道 的损害最严重。烟尘直径在5μm左右,一般只停留在上呼吸道,3μm左右的则进入支气管, 1μm的烟尘会进入肺泡。进入呼吸道的烟尘会由气管壁上的纤毛运动被输送到咽头,而咳出 或吞入胃内。
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