作为企业管理一部分的安全管理是在实践中产生的。
人类进行有效管理的历史,可以追溯到6000年以前。我国的古代典籍《周礼》、《孟子》、《孙子》等都对管理及其职能有不少精辟的论述。18世纪下半叶,工业革命使工业生产发生了巨大变革,企业内部的分工协作使得企业管理应运而生。但是,管理形成一门科学,是进入20世纪以后的事情。1911年美国的泰罗发表了《科学管理原理》,主张通过分析研究企业的数据资料,发展科学的管理方法;主张对工人严格挑选和培训,以发挥其最大能力;主张明确分工,制定工作标准,有效地利用人力、物力、财力等。
安全管理伴随工业生产的出现,又随着生产技术水平和企业管理水平的发展而不断发展。1929年美国的海因里希发表了《工业事故预防》一书,比较系统地介绍了当时的安全管理思想和经验,是安全管理理论方面的代表性著作。在其后的时间里,工业生产迅速发展,管理科学中新理论、新观点不断出现,安全管理内容也不断充实、发展。《工业事故预防》一书差不多每10年修订一次,努力反映当代最新的安全管理理论和实践。
新中国成立以前的旧中国,绝大多数工业企业都掌握在帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的代理人手里。他们为了获得最大限度的利润,把工人当作奴隶和牛马,让工人在缺乏最起码的安全措施、极其恶劣的劳动条件下工作,他们采取的管理手段是为了残酷的剥削和压迫工人。
中华人民共和国成立以后,工人阶级成了社会主义企业的主人。党和政府对职工安全和健康十分重视,确立了“安全第一,预防为主”的安全生产方针。在劳动条件不断改善的同时,建立、健全了各级安全管理组织机构,颁布了一系列安全生产法规、制度和标准。在安全管理实践过程中不断总结经验,安全管理水平不断提高。
70年代末、80年代初,为适应改革、开放形势下企业管理工作的需求,人们努力探索新的管理原则和方法。国外一些先进的管理理论、方法介绍到中国,国内的安全管理人员也积极研究适合中国国情的安全管理模式。行为科学的观点、现代管理科学的思想、系统安全的原则和方法使人们思路开阔,观点更新。危险源辨识、安全目标管理、企业安全评价等新的安全管理方法在工业企业中逐渐推广;“企业负责,行业管理,国家监察,群众监督”的宏观安全管理体制已经形成。特别是以鞍山钢铁公司的“0123安全管理模式”为代表的、符合中国工业企业安全生产实际的安全管理模式的出现,反映了我国在安全管理理论和实践方面的迅速进步。
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