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【习得性无助实验】 | 2010-11-22 8:02:00
习得性无助效应最早有奥弗米尔和西里格曼发现,后来在动物和人类研究中被广泛探讨。简单地说,很多实验表明,经过训练,狗可以越过屏障或从事其他的行为来逃避实验者加于它的电击。但是,如果狗以前受到不可预期(不知道什么时候到来)且不可控制的电击(如电击的中断与否不依赖于狗的行为),当狗后来有机会逃离电击时,他们也变得无力逃离。而且,狗还表现出其他方面的缺陷,如感到沮丧和压抑,主动性降低等等。
狗之所以表现出这种状况,是由于在实验的早期学到了一种无助感。也就是说,它们认识到自己无论做什么都不能控制电击的终止。在每次实验中,电击终止都是在实验者掌控之下的,而狗会认识到自己没有能力改变这种外界的控制,从而学到了一种无助感。
人如果产生了习得性无助,就成为了一种深深的绝望和悲哀。因此,我们在学习和生活中应把自己的眼光在开阔一点,看到事件背后的真正的决定因素,不要使我们自己陷入绝望。
狗之所以表现出这种状况,是由于在实验的早期学到了一种无助感。也就是说,它们认识到自己无论做什么都不能控制电击的终止。在每次实验中,电击终止都是在实验者掌控之下的,而狗会认识到自己没有能力改变这种外界的控制,从而学到了一种无助感。
人如果产生了习得性无助,就成为了一种深深的绝望和悲哀。因此,我们在学习和生活中应把自己的眼光在开阔一点,看到事件背后的真正的决定因素,不要使我们自己陷入绝望。
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