硝化反应的主要危险性概述--章仁根的blog

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硝化反应的主要危险性概述 | 2010-9-18 7:55:00

硝化通常是指在有机化合物分子中引入硝基(—NO2)，取代氢原子而生成硝基化合物的反应。如甲苯硝化生产梯恩梯(TNT)、苯硝化制取硝基苯、甘油硝化制取硝化甘油等。
　　硝化过程的火灾危险性主要是：
　　(1)硝化是一个放热反应，引入一个硝基要放热152．2～153 kJ／mol，所以硝化需要降温条件下进行。在硝化反应中，倘若稍有疏忽，如中途搅拌停止、冷却水供应不良、加料速度过快等，都会使温度猛增、混酸氧化能力加强，并有多硝基物生成，容易引起着火和爆炸事故。
　　(2)硝化剂具有氧化性，常用硝化剂浓硝酸、硝酸、浓硫酸、发烟硫酸、混合酸等都具有较强的氧化性、吸水性和腐蚀性。它们与油脂、有机物，特别是不饱和的有机化合物接触即能引起燃烧；在制备硝化剂时，若温度过高或落入少量水，会促使硝酸的大量分解和蒸发，不仅会导致设备的强烈腐蚀，还可造成爆炸事故。
　　(3)被硝化的物质大多易燃，如苯、甲苯、甘油(丙三醇)、脱酯棉等，不仅易燃，有的还兼有毒性，如使用或储存管理不当，很易造成火灾。
　　(4)硝化产品大都有着火爆炸的危险性，特别是多硝基化合物和硝酸酯，受热、摩擦、撞击或接触着火源，极易发生爆炸或着火。

By:章仁根 | 阅读全文 | 回复(18) | 引用通告 | 编辑

标签：硝化反应主要危险性概述

Re:硝化反应的主要危险性概述 | 2010-9-18 7:59:37

牢记危险,认真防范,确保安全.

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原创 | 2016-9-6 21:59:59

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原创 | 2016-9-28 21:37:48

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原创 | 2016-9-30 16:18:26

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-9 14:45:15

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-13 15:14:31

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-14 4:08:10

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-15 9:00:46

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-15 19:49:37

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-20 1:04:21

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-20 4:42:46

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-20 17:28:23

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-22 2:10:30

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-22 3:54:45

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-22 13:04:07

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By:gvycg(游客) | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2017-3-4 15:07:00

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