化学还原反应的危险性分析--章仁根的blog

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化学还原反应的危险性分析 | 2010-9-16 7:31:00

如硝基苯在盐酸溶液中被铁粉还原成苯胺、邻硝基苯甲醚在碱性溶液中被锌粉还原成邻氨基苯甲醚、使用保险粉、硼氢化钾、氢化锂铝等还原剂进行还原等。
　　还原过程的危险性分析及防火要求：
　　(1)无论是利用初生态还原，还是用催化剂把氢气活化后还原，都有氢气存在(氢气的爆炸极限为4％—75％)，特别是催化加氢还原，大都在加热、加压条件下进行，如果操作失误或因设备缺陷有氢气泄漏，极易与空气形成爆炸性混合物，如遇着火源即会爆炸。所以，在操作过程中要严格控制温度、压力和流量；车间内的电气设备必须符合防爆要求。电线及电线接线盒不宜在车间顶部敷设安装；厂房通风要好，应采用轻质屋顶、设置天窗或风帽，以使氢气及时逸出；反应中产生的氢气可用排气管导出车间屋项，并高于屋脊2m以上，经过阻火器向外排放；加压反应的设备应配备安全阀，反应中产生压力的设备要装设爆破片；安装氢气检测和报警装置。
　　(2)还原反应中所使用的催化剂雷氏镍吸潮后在空气中有自燃危险，即使没有着火源存在，也能使氢气和空气的混合物引燃形成着火爆炸。因此，当用它们来活化氢气进行还原反应时，必须先用氮气置换反应器内的全部空气，并经过测定证实含氧量降到标准后，才可通人氢气；反应结束后应先用氮气把反应器内的氢气置换干净，才可打开孔盖出料，以免外界空气与反应器内的氢气相遇，在雷氏镍自燃的情况下发生着火爆炸，雷氏镍应当储存于酒精中，钯碳回收时应用酒精及清水充分洗涤，过滤抽真空时不得抽得太干，以免氧化着火。
　　(3)固体还原剂保险粉、硼氢化钾、氢化铝锂等都是遇湿易燃危险品，其中保险粉遇水发热，在潮湿空气中能分解析出硫，硫蒸气受热具有自燃的危险，且保险粉本身受热到190℃也有分解爆炸的危险；硼氢化钾(钠)在潮湿空气中能自燃，遇水或酸即分解放出大量氢气，同时产生高热，可使氢气着火而引起爆炸事故；氢化锂铝是遇湿危险的还原剂，务必要妥善保管，防止受潮。保险粉用于溶解使用时，要严格控制温度，可以在开动搅拌的情况下，将保险粉分批加入水中，待溶解后再与有机物接触反应；当使用硼氢化钠(钾)作还原剂时，在工艺过程中调解酸、碱度时要特别注意，防止加酸过快、过多；当使用氢化铝锂作还原剂时，要特别注意，必须在氮气保护下使用，平时浸没于煤油中储存。前面所述的还原剂，遇氧化剂会猛烈发生反应，产生大量热量，具有着火爆炸的危险，故不得与氧化剂混存。
　　(4)还原反应的中间体，特别是硝基化合物还原反应的中间体，亦有一定的火灾危险，例如，在邻硝基苯甲醚还原为邻氨基苯甲醚的过程中，产生氧化偶氮苯甲醚，该中间体受热到150℃能自燃。苯胺在生产中如果反应条件控制不好，可生成爆炸危险性很大的环己胺。所以在反应操作中一定要严格控制各种反应参数和反应条件。
(5)开展技术革新，研究采用危险性小、还原效率高的新型还原剂代替火灾危险性大的还原剂。例如采用硫化钠代替铁粉还原，可以避免氢气产生，同时还可消除铁泥堆积的问题。

By:章仁根 | 阅读全文 | 回复(20) | 引用通告 | 编辑

标签：化学反应危险性分析

Re:化学还原反应的危险性分析 | 2010-9-16 7:33:40

分析化学还原反应的危险性,采取措施认真预防,杜绝事故发生.

By:章仁根 | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

原创 | 2016-9-6 17:56:42

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原创 | 2016-9-28 17:30:33

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原创 | 2016-9-30 12:06:56

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-10 20:52:47

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-11 15:11:31

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-14 2:58:28

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-14 19:22:01

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-16 2:03:12

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-16 17:02:12

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-17 6:48:01

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-18 1:44:13

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-20 16:58:07

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-22 7:13:06

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2016-10-23 4:57:53

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Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2017-2-18 22:39:49

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By:odgko(游客) | 个人主页 | 引用 | 返回 | 删除 | 回复

Re:在漫画中识别身边的违章 | 2017-3-4 14:33:43

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