2012-2-27 13:12:00

个体防护用品的使用和保养

一、立法和规章制度 　　由于企业管理者和劳动者本身对个体防护用品重要性的认识不足，企业管理者认为购买个体防护用品加大生产成本而不愿意使用；劳动者佩戴个体防护用品感觉不习惯等原因，在不少企业个体防护用品未得到很好的应用。因此，应从立法和规章制度上来规范个人防护用品的使用。一些发达国家，从立法角度强制性使用个体防护用品，如有违反，企业主被处于高额罚金，严重者吊销经营许可证，劳动者除了被课以罚金外，并有解除劳动合同的可能。针对我国个体防护用品的制造和使用也制定了一些国家标准，但大多数是技术规范，对强制使用还缺乏有力的法律条款，应进一步完善。 　　二、正确选择防护用品 　　应针对防护要求，正确选择性能符合要求的用品，决不能选错或将就使用，特别是决不能以过式呼吸防护用品代替隔离式呼吸防护器，以防止发生事故。 　　三、加强教育和训练 　　应利用各种途径，如培训班、宣传册、车间板报和标语等，对使用个体防护用品者加强教育，使其充分了解使用目的和意义，反复训练，熟练掌握使用方法。对于结构和使用方法较为复杂的用品，如呼吸防护器，宜反复进行训练，使能迅速正确的佩戴上、卸下和使用，并逐渐习惯于呼吸防护器的阻力。又如用于紧急救灾时的呼吸防护器，要定期严格检查，并妥善地存放在可能发生事故的邻近地点，便于及时取用。 　　四、防护用品的使用和维护 应按每种防护用品的使用要求，规范使用。在使用是，必须在整个接触时间内认真充分佩戴。其防护效果以有效防护系数（EPF）来衡量，在接触时间内99%以上时间佩戴，有效防护可达到100%；不佩戴时间增多，器有效防护系数递减。 工厂车间内应有专人负责管理分发、收集和维护保养防护用品。这样不仅可以延长防护用品的使用期限，更重要的事能保证其防护效果。口罩、耳塞、面具等用后应以肥皂清水洗净，并以药液消毒、晾干。过滤式呼吸防护器的滤料要按时更换，药罐在不用时应将通路封塞，以防失效。防止皮肤污染的工作服，用后应立即集中处理洗涤。

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