2012-1-10 16:06:00

石油化工生产中火源的控制措施

石油化工生产中，常见的着火源除生产过程本身的燃烧炉火、反应热、电火花等以外，还有维修用火、机械摩擦热、撞击火花、静电放电火花以及违章吸烟等。这些火源是引起易燃易爆物质着火爆炸的常见原因。控制这些火源的使用范围，对于防火防爆是十分重要的。 　　1．明火控制 　　石油化工生产中的明火主要是指生产过程中的加热用火、维修用火及其它火源。 　　加热易燃液体时，应尽量避免采用明火，而采用蒸气、过热水、中间载热体或电热等。如果必须使用明火，设备应严格密闭，燃烧室应与设备建筑分开或隔离。 　　在有火灾爆炸危险场所的贮罐和管道内部作业，不得采用普通电灯照明，而应采用防爆电器。 　　在有火灾爆炸危险的厂房内，应尽量避免焊割作业，进行焊割作业时应严格执行工业用火安全规定。 　　在积存有可燃气体、蒸气的管沟、深坑、下水道内及其附近，在没有消除危险之前，不能有明火作业。 　　电焊线破残应及时更换或修理，不能利用其与易燃易爆生产设备有联系的金属件作为电焊接地线，以防止在电器通路不良的地方产生高温或电火花。 　　对熬炼设备要经常检查，防止烟道窜火和熬锅破漏。盛装物料不要过满，防止溢出。在锅灶设计上可采用“死锅活灶”的方法，以便随时搬出灶火。在生产区熬炼时，应注意熬练地点的选择。 　　喷灯是一种轻便的加热工具，主要用于维修方面。在有火灾爆炸危险场所使用喷灯，应按动火管理制度进行并将可燃物清理干净。 　　烟囱飞火，汽车、拖拉机、柴油机等排气管喷火，都可能引起可燃气体、蒸气燃烧爆炸。为防止烟囱飞火，炉膛内燃烧要充分，烟囱要有足够的高度，周围一定距离内不搭建易燃建筑，不堆放易燃易爆物质。为防止机动车辆排气管喷火引进火灾，可在排气管上安装火星熄灭器。 　　2．摩擦与撞击火花的控制 　　机器中轴承等转动部分的摩擦，铁器的相互撞击或铁器工具打击混凝土地坪等都可能发生火花，当管道或铁制容器裂开物料喷出时也可能因摩擦而起火花。为避免这类火花产生，必须做到： 　　(1)对轴承及时添油，保持良好润滑，并经常清除附着的可燃污垢。 　　(2)凡是撞击的两部分应采用两种不同的金属制成，例如钢与铜、钢与铝等，撞击的工具用镀青铜或镀铜的钢制成。不能使用特种金属制造的设备，应采用惰性气体保护或真空操作。 　　(3)为防止金属零件随物料带人设备内发生撞击起火，要在这些设备上安装磁力离析器。不宜使用磁力离析器的，如特别危险的物质(硫、碳化钙等)的破碎，应采用惰性气体保护。 　　(4)搬运盛装有可燃气体和易燃液体的金属容器时，不要抛掷、拖拉、震动。 　　(5)不准穿带钉子的鞋进入易燃易爆车间。特别危险的厂房内，地面应铺设不发生火花的软质材料。 　　3．其它火源的控制 　　要防止易燃易爆物件与高温的设备、管道表面相接触。可燃物料排放口应远离高温表面，高温表面要有隔热保温措施，不能在高温管道和设备上烘烤衣服及其它可燃物件。 　　油麻布、油棉纱等易自燃引进火灾，应装入金属桶、箱内，放置在安全地点并及时清理。 　　吸烟是人们比较广泛的一种嗜好。烟头虽是一个不大的热源，但它能引起许多物质的燃烧。烟头表面温度为200～300℃，中心温度达700～800℃，超过一般可燃物的燃点。据在自然通风的条件下试验，烟头扔进深度为5cm的锯末中，经过75～90min的阴燃，便开始出现火焰；烟头扔进深度为5～10cm的刨花中有75％的机会，经过60～100min开始燃烧；把烟头放在甘蔗板上，60min后，燃烧面积扩展到直径15cm的范围，170min后，爆发出火焰燃烧，烟头的烟灰在弹落时，有一部分呈不规则的颗粒，带有火星，落在比较干燥疏松的可燃物上，也会引进燃烧。因此，在石油化工厂区内应禁止吸烟，避免因吸烟而造成火灾爆炸事故。

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