2011-11-29 10:46:00

安全作业的“杀手”——缺氧环境作业

据报道，2001年10月6日，河南省某纸业公司在清理纸浆池过程中，由于池内缺氧，造成入池3人先后窒息死亡的重大事故。近几年来，缺氧危险作业造成的伤亡事故屡有发生，究其原因，除安全方面的管理措施不到位之外，缺氧环境本身的特点必须引起我们的关注。 一是缺氧环境形式的多样性。它可能是任何封闭的空间，地上、地下的各类设施，各种塔、罐、槽、沟、井、管等气体容易滞留的设施。对这样门类繁多的空间形式，相应的管理规程不可能将其一一列出，这就促成了实际作业中，其危险性不易被识别或容易被忽视的特点。 二是形成缺氧环境的偶然性。2001年第10期的《现代职业安全》杂志中叙述了1名工人在水表井中窒息死亡的案例。其原因是由于一个老鼠入井后死亡，氧化作用耗尽井内大部分氧气，造成了缺氧环境。本文开头号提到的河南某纸业公司的事故，也是由于池内剩余少量纸浆发酵耗尽氧气造成的。这类事故的发生，往往给人一种非常意外，很难预料的感觉。 三是窒息性气体的隐蔽性。一些常见窒息性气体，如氮气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳等，在常温、常压下都有无色、无味、不易被察觉的特性。它们的比重和空气很接近，较易滞留在一些密闭的空间，不加留意，很难发觉。 这些特点对进入缺氧环境的作业人员的安全带来了极大的威胁，如不加警惕，甚至会出现上述的多人连续进入、窒息死亡的严重后果。为规范缺氧环境作业，杜绝此事故发生，我国在1988年已经颁布了国标《缺氧危险作业安全规程》GB8958—88，对缺氧环境下的安全作业提出了明确的要求。我们在认真学习国家有关法规，总结各类事故教训，确定防范措施的过程中认识到：要真正杜绝缺氧环境这一“杀手”给作业人员带来的危害，在作业中应重点注意以下几点： 1）认真做好作业环境的危险识别，搞清作业环境是潜在缺氧环境还是实际缺氧环境，各类密闭空间严禁贸然进入。应严格遵守先分析，后进入的原则，尤其要防止违章指挥和麻痹大意的思想。 2）如果需要对缺氧环境送风作业，要避免产生富氧条件，特别是在环境有可燃物质或动火作业的条件下更须注意。 3）安排监护人员密切监视作业情况，是防止事故发生的必要和有效手段。监护人员的及时呼救和施救能为抢救赢得宝贵的时间，事故的伤害程度可能大为降低，这一点在实际案例中已经得到了充分的验证。 4）准备必要的、状态完好的防护工具、器材，如自供氧式呼吸器、梯子、绳索等，以备作业出现意外时，可以及时进行救助，如果事故发生时没有准备，短时间内将会断送作业人员的生命。 总之，再好的措施也要靠人去正确地把握和实施。因此，注意员工平时安全防范意识的培养和教育，才是最为重要的。

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