压缩或液化气体总是被贮存在不同的容器内,或通过管道输送。其中贮存在较小钢瓶内的气体压力较高,受热或受火焰熏烤容易发生爆裂。气体泄漏后遇火源已形成稳定燃烧时,其发生爆炸或再次爆炸的危险性与可燃气体泄漏未燃时相比要小得多。遇压缩或液化气体火灾一般应采取以下基本对策。
(1)扑救气体火灾切忌盲目扑灭火势,在没有采取堵漏措施的情况下,必须保持稳定燃烧。否则,大量可燃气体泄漏出来与空气混合,遇着火源就会发生爆炸,后果将不堪设想。
(2)首先应扑灭外围被火源引燃的可燃物火势,切断火势蔓延途径,控制燃烧范围,并积极抢救受伤和被困人员。
(3)如果火势中有压力容器或有受到火焰辐射热威胁的压力容器,能疏散的应尽量在水枪的掩护下疏散到安全地带,不能疏散的应部署足够的水枪进行冷却保护。为防止容器爆裂伤人,进行冷却的人员应尽量采用低姿射水或利用现场坚实的掩蔽体防护。对卧式贮罐,冷却人员应选择贮罐四侧角作为射水阵地。
(4)如果是输气管道泄漏着火,应设法找到气源阀门。阀门完好时,只要关闭气体的进出阀门,火势就会自动熄灭。
(5)贮罐或管道泄漏关阀无效时,应根据火势判断气体压力和泄漏口的大小及其形状,准备好相应的堵漏材料(如软木塞、橡皮塞、气囊塞、黏合剂、弯管工具等)。
(6)堵漏工作准备就绪后,即可用水扑救火势,也用干粉、二氧化碳、卤代烷灭火,但仍需用水冷却烧烫的罐或管壁。火扑灭后,应立即用堵漏材料堵漏,同时用雾状水稀释和驱散泄漏出来的气体。如果确认泄漏口非常大,根本无法堵漏,只需冷却着火容器及其周围容器和可燃物品,控制着火范围,直到燃气燃尽,火势自动熄灭。
(7)现场指挥应密切注意各种危险征兆,遇有火势熄灭后较长时间未能恢复稳定燃烧或受热辐射的容器安全阀火焰变亮耀眼、尖叫、晃动等爆裂征兆时,指挥员必须适时作出准确判断,及时下达撤退命令。现场人员看到或听到事先规定的撤退信号后,应迅速撤退至安全地带。
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