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危险源的辨识评价与监督管理 | 2012-10-19 9:05:00
- 上一篇:危险化学品安全储存的基本要求
- 下一篇:防台风、暴雨安全措施
![章仁根](/blog/UploadFiles/2007-7/711468354.jpg)
危险,是指某一系统、产品、或设备或操作的内部和外部的一种潜在的状态,其发生可能造成人员伤害、职业病、财产损失、作业环境破坏的状态。
危险的特征在于其危险可能性的大小与安全条件和概率有关。危险概率则是指危险发生(转变)事故的可能性即频度或单位时间危险发生的次数。危险的严重度或伤害、损失或危害的程度则是指每次危险发生导致的伤害程度或损失大小。
重大危险源,从广义上说,就是可能导致重大事故发生的危险源。具体讲,是指长期或者临时生产、搬运、使用、储存危险物品,且危险物品的数量等于或者超过临界量的单元(包括场所和设施)。
确定重大危险源的核心因素是危险物品的数量是否等于或者超过临界量。所谓临界量,是指对某种或者某类危险物品规定的一个数量,若单元中的危险物品数量等于或者超过该数量,则该单元即应定为重大危险源。具体危险物品的临界量,是由危险物品的性质决定的,重大危险源的辩识依据是物质的危险特性及其数量。重大危险源分为生产场所重大危险源和贮存区重大危险源两种,其确定方法基本相同。生产场所,是指危险物品的生产、加工及使用等场所,包括生产、加工及使用等过程中的中间贮罐存放区及半成品、产成品的周转库房;贮存区,是指专门用于贮存危险物品的贮罐或者仓库组成的相对独立的区域。
重大事故隐患,是指生产经营单位在生产设施、设备以及安全管理制度等方面存在的可能引发重大事故发生的自然或者人为的因素。包括人的不安全行为、物的不安全状态和管理上的缺陷等。如:不按规定采取安全防护措施,违反操作规程;机器设备的制造及安装不符合国家或者行业标准,使用国家明令淘汰和禁止使用的工艺及设备;未经培训无证上岗,安全投入不足,企业管理滑坡等,这些现象都属于事故隐患。重大事故具有伤亡人数多、经济损失严重、社会影响大的特征。因此,消除重大事故隐患是预防重大事故的关键。
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