电力设备和电力系统,在运行中常常会发生各种异常现象或事故。正确及时地处理,是变电所运行值班人员一项重要的基本职责和技能。
1、一般原则
在发生事故时,当值人员要迅速正确查明情况并快速做出记录,报告上级调度和有关负责人员,迅速正确地执行调度命令及运行负责人的指示,按照有关规程规定正确处理。
①迅速限制事故发展,消除事故根源,并解除对人身和设备的威胁;
②用一切可能的方法坚持设备继续运行,以保持对用户和线路的供电正常;
③尽快对停电的用户和线路恢复供电。
发生事故时,只允许与事故处理有关的领导和工作人员留在控制室,其余人员应自觉离开,无关的工作班组暂停工作,离开现场。其余留在控制室的人员尽量保持肃静,以免妨碍值班人员处理事故。
处理事故时要保持头脑清醒,在当值运行值班长的统一领导下进行。处理事故过程中,应当与上级调度保持紧密联系,随时执行调度的命令。当事故告一段落时,应迅速向有关领导汇报。事故处理完毕后应详细记录事故情况及处理过程,并保留所有电话录音备查。
变电所的技术人员应定期整理事故档案,并集中讨论事故处理步骤的正确与否,结合事故预想、反事故演习等培训工作,对职工进行安全教育,提高值班人员事故处理的素质。
2、事故处理
(1)线路事故处理:
①线路跳闸,运行人员应立即把详细情况查明,报告上级调度和运行负责人,包括:断路器是否重合、线路是否有电压、动作的继电保护及自动装置等;
②详细检查本所有关线路的一次设备有无明显的故障迹象;
③如断路器三相跳闸后,线路仍有电压,则要注意防止长线路引起的末端电压升高,必要时申请调度断开对侧断路器。
④两端跳闸重合不成功的试送电操作,应按调度员的命令执行。试送时应停用重合闸。
(2)变压器事故处理:
①变压器跳闸后若引起其他变压器超负荷时,应尽快投入备用变压器或在规定时间内降低负荷;
②根据继电保护的动作情况及外部现象判断故障原因,在未查明原因并消除故障之前,不得送电;
③当发现变压器运行状态异常,例如:内部有爆裂声、温度不正常且不断上升、油枕或防爆管喷油、油位严重下降、油化验严重超标、套管有严重破损和放电现象等时,应申请停电进行处理。
(3)电气误操作事故处理:
①万一发生了错误操作,必须保持冷静,尽快抢救人员和恢复设备的正常运行;
②错误合上断路器,应立即将其断开,错误断开的断路器,应按实际情况重新合上或按调度命令合上;
③带负荷误合隔离开关,严禁重新拉开,必须先断开与此隔离开关直接相连的断路器;带负荷误拉隔离开关,在相连的断路器断开前,不得重新合上。
④误合接地刀闸,应立即重新拉开。
(4)所用交、直流电源故障处理:
①若交、直流电源发生故障全部中断时,要尽快投入备用电源,并注意首先恢复重要的负荷,以免过大的电流冲击;若在晚上则要投入必要的事故照明;
②处理过程中,要注意交、直流电源对设备运行状态的影响,要对设备进行详细检修,恢复一些不能自动恢复的状态。
③直流接地点的查找必须严格按现场规程进行,不得造成另一点接地或直流短路;
④迅速查明故障原因并尽快消除。
3、结束语
熟悉电气设备事故处理的方法对值班人员来说十分重要,因为这不仅是靠经验积累而成,还需要不断学习有关规程,了解电气设备的技术性能。值班人员应经常开展事故预想、安全活动讨论等多种形式的活动,增强对事故处理方法的认识,使真正发生事故时做到头脑清晰,有条不紊,提高事故处理的效率。
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